Podcast
Questions and Answers
What character precedes hexadecimal integers?
What character precedes hexadecimal integers?
- Both B and C (correct)
- 0X
- 0x
- 0
Which of the following is an invalid real number?
Which of the following is an invalid real number?
- 2.5e+05
- 321.55F
- 78688L
- 1.5E+0.5 (correct)
Which of the following is a valid integer constant?
Which of the following is a valid integer constant?
- 9F
- 0X2
- 037 (correct)
- -ABCD
What is the correct representation for a double-precision floating-point constant?
What is the correct representation for a double-precision floating-point constant?
Which of the following is a character constant?
Which of the following is a character constant?
Which of the following constants is not a valid string constant?
Which of the following constants is not a valid string constant?
In floating-point notation, what does the mantissa represent?
In floating-point notation, what does the mantissa represent?
What is a common characteristic of hexadecimal integers?
What is a common characteristic of hexadecimal integers?
What is the result of the expression $10 + 3$?
What is the result of the expression $10 + 3$?
Which arithmetic operator is used for division of two integers?
Which arithmetic operator is used for division of two integers?
What is the output of the operation $10 % 3$?
What is the output of the operation $10 % 3$?
What does the relational operator '!=' signify?
What does the relational operator '!=' signify?
If $x = 4.5$, what is the result of the expression $x >= 10$?
If $x = 4.5$, what is the result of the expression $x >= 10$?
In logical operations, what does '&&' represent?
In logical operations, what does '&&' represent?
Which of the following expressions is true if $A$ is true and $B$ is false?
Which of the following expressions is true if $A$ is true and $B$ is false?
What does the logical operator '!' do?
What does the logical operator '!' do?
What is the result of using the prefix ++ operator in an expression?
What is the result of using the prefix ++ operator in an expression?
What does the conditional operator (?:) evaluate first?
What does the conditional operator (?:) evaluate first?
Which of the following accurately describes the purpose of bitwise operators?
Which of the following accurately describes the purpose of bitwise operators?
What does the sizeof operator return when applied to a variable?
What does the sizeof operator return when applied to a variable?
Regarding the comma operator, which statement is true?
Regarding the comma operator, which statement is true?
Which bitwise operator is used to shift bits to the right?
Which bitwise operator is used to shift bits to the right?
In a conditional operator expression, if the first expression evaluates to true, which of the following occurs?
In a conditional operator expression, if the first expression evaluates to true, which of the following occurs?
Which of the following statements about prefix increment and decrement operators is correct?
Which of the following statements about prefix increment and decrement operators is correct?
Which of the following is a valid symbolic constant definition?
Which of the following is a valid symbolic constant definition?
What character represents a backslash escape sequence in output functions?
What character represents a backslash escape sequence in output functions?
Which rule correctly describes the naming of a variable?
Which rule correctly describes the naming of a variable?
Which of the following is an invalid variable name?
Which of the following is an invalid variable name?
In the context of symbolic constants, which statement is true?
In the context of symbolic constants, which statement is true?
How many characters can a variable name have at most according to ANSI rules?
How many characters can a variable name have at most according to ANSI rules?
What distinguishes different data types?
What distinguishes different data types?
Which of the following is a characteristic of symbolic constants?
Which of the following is a characteristic of symbolic constants?
What type of variable is declared outside of any function in a C program?
What type of variable is declared outside of any function in a C program?
Which of the following statements about local variables is true?
Which of the following statements about local variables is true?
What happens to a local variable once the function that declares it finishes executing?
What happens to a local variable once the function that declares it finishes executing?
Which storage class specifier allows a variable to retain its value between function calls?
Which storage class specifier allows a variable to retain its value between function calls?
What is the difference between the assignment of variables in C, such as 'a = b = 1'?
What is the difference between the assignment of variables in C, such as 'a = b = 1'?
Which of the following is NOT a storage class in C?
Which of the following is NOT a storage class in C?
How are global variables defined in a C program?
How are global variables defined in a C program?
What does the 'register' storage class indicate in a variable declaration?
What does the 'register' storage class indicate in a variable declaration?
What does the assignment operator 'a += 1' accomplish?
What does the assignment operator 'a += 1' accomplish?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of prefix increment operators?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of prefix increment operators?
What is the equivalent assignment of 'a %= b'?
What is the equivalent assignment of 'a %= b'?
In the context of increment and decrement operators, what result does 'y = m++' yield when m is initially 5?
In the context of increment and decrement operators, what result does 'y = m++' yield when m is initially 5?
Which statement about the advantages of assignment operators is true?
Which statement about the advantages of assignment operators is true?
What does the expression 'y = --m' produce when m starts at 5?
What does the expression 'y = --m' produce when m starts at 5?
Which of the following correctly depicts a result of the assignment 'a *= n + 1'?
Which of the following correctly depicts a result of the assignment 'a *= n + 1'?
What is the initial value of 'm' after executing 'm = 5;' and then 'y = ++m'?
What is the initial value of 'm' after executing 'm = 5;' and then 'y = ++m'?
Flashcards
Symbolic Constant
Symbolic Constant
A name given to a constant value in a program. It is defined using the #define preprocessor directive.
#define
#define
A preprocessor directive used to define symbolic constants.
Variable
Variable
A named storage location that can hold a value that can change during program execution.
Data Type
Data Type
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Variable Naming Rules
Variable Naming Rules
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Integer Constant
Integer Constant
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String Constant
String Constant
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Character Constant
Character Constant
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Real Constant
Real Constant
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Hexadecimal Integer
Hexadecimal Integer
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Octal Integer
Octal Integer
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Single Character Constant
Single Character Constant
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Floating-point Constant
Floating-point Constant
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Single Precision
Single Precision
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Prefix Increment
Prefix Increment
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Prefix Decrement
Prefix Decrement
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Conditional Operator
Conditional Operator
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Bitwise Operator
Bitwise Operator
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What is the sizeof operator used for?
What is the sizeof operator used for?
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What does the comma operator do?
What does the comma operator do?
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Pointer Operators
Pointer Operators
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Member Selection Operators
Member Selection Operators
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Global Variable
Global Variable
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Local Variable
Local Variable
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Storage Class
Storage Class
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auto Storage Class
auto Storage Class
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register Storage Class
register Storage Class
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static Storage Class
static Storage Class
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How are global variables defined?
How are global variables defined?
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What's the difference between global and local variables?
What's the difference between global and local variables?
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Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators
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Relational Operators
Relational Operators
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Logical Operators
Logical Operators
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What are Modulo Operators Used For?
What are Modulo Operators Used For?
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What does '==' mean?
What does '==' mean?
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What does '!=' mean?
What does '!=' mean?
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What is the '&&' operator used for?
What is the '&&' operator used for?
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What does the '||' operator do?
What does the '||' operator do?
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Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators
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Compound Assignment Operators
Compound Assignment Operators
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Prefix Increment/Decrement
Prefix Increment/Decrement
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Postfix Increment/Decrement
Postfix Increment/Decrement
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Unary Operators
Unary Operators
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What is the difference between pre and postfix increment/decrement?
What is the difference between pre and postfix increment/decrement?
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Why use increment/decrement operators?
Why use increment/decrement operators?
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What's the difference between x = x + 1
and x += 1
?
What's the difference between x = x + 1
and x += 1
?
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Study Notes
Unit I, Chapter I: Overview of C
- C Language is a structured, high-level, machine-independent language.
- ALGOL is the root of modern programming languages. Introduced in the 1960s.
- ALGOL uses structured programming.
- Corrado Bohm, Guiseppe Jacopini, and Edsger Dijkstra popularized structured programming concepts.
- In 1967, Martin Richards created BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language).
- BCPL was primarily developed for system software.
- In 1970, Ken Thompson created a new language called B.
- B was created for UNIX operating systems at Bell Laboratories.
- BCPL and B were typeless languages.
- C was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Laboratories.
- C was evolved from ALGOL, BCPL, and B, adding features like data types.
- C was developed alongside the UNIX operating system.
- ANSI (American National Standards Institute) appointed a technical committee to standardize C in 1983.
- In December 1989, the committee approved a version of C, now known as ANSI C.
- ISO (International Organization for Standardization) approved C in 1990, and this version is referred to as C89.
- C99 is another important version.
Unit I, Chapter 1.2: Importance of C
- C is a robust language with built-in functions and operators for complex programs.
- C combines the capabilities of assembly language with high-level language features.
- C is well-suited for writing system software and business packages.
- Programs written in C are efficient and fast.
- C is highly portable.
- C is well-suited for structured programming.
- C has the ability to extend itself.
- A C program is a collection of functions supported by the C library.
Unit I, Chapter 1.3: Sample Program 1
- Sample C code to print "Hello Program" to the console.
- Includes function main(), curly braces {}, and comments.
- Function main() is the entry point of a C program.
Unit I Chapter 1.4: Basic Structure of C Program
- Documentation Section: (Optional) Comments about the program, author, etc.
- Link Section: (Optional) Instructions for the compiler to link external functions.
- Definition Section: (Optional) Symbolic constants are defined here.
- Global Declaration Section: (Optional) Global variables and user-defined functions are declared here.
- **main() Function:**The main function section starts with
main()
followed by{}
brackets. - Declaration Part: Declares variables (data types).
- Executable Part: Contains statements that execute the program logic.
- Subprogram Section: (Optional) User-defined functions are placed here after the main function.
Unit I Chapter 1.5: Process of Compiling and Running a C Program
- Creating the program.
- Compiling the program.
- Linking the program with functions from the C library.
- Executing the program.
Unit I Chapter 1.6: Writing and Executing a C Program in UNIX
- Writing the C program using text editors (e.g., vi, ed).
- Entering the program into a file with a
.c
extension (e.g.,firstcpgm.c
). - Compiling the program (using
cc
orgcc
). Using commandcc filename
. - Executing the compiled program (e.g., using
a.out
).
Unit I Chapter 1.7: Compiling and Linking
- Use
gcc
orcc
compilers to create executables. - Compile with command
cc filename1, filename2, filename3...
- Common command-line options:
-lm
(math library),-c
(compiles without linking),-o filename
(specifies output file name).
Unit II, Chapter 2.1: Character Set
- Characters available for forming words, numbers, and expressions in C.
- Uppercase letters (A-Z), Lowercase letters (a-z).
- Digits (0-9).
- Special characters (e.g., comma, semicolon, parentheses, operators).
- White spaces (e.g., space, tab).
Unit II Chapter 2.2: C Tokens
- Individual words and punctuation marks.
- The smallest units in a C program are called tokens.
- Examples: keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, operators, special symbols.
Unit II Chapter 2.2.1: Keywords and Identifiers
- Keywords have fixed meanings that cannot be changed.
- Keywords are used as building blocks for program statements.
- Reserved words for specific tasks. Predefined and written in lowercase. Cannot be used as variable names.
Unit II Chapter 2.2.2: ANSI C Keywords
- A list of predefined keywords in ANSI C. e.g., auto, break, case, char, const, continue, default, do, else, enum, extern, float, for, goto, if, int, long, register, return, short, signed, sizeof, static, struct, switch, typedef, union, unsigned, void, volatile, while.
Unit II Chapter 2.2.3: Identifiers
- User-defined words that name entities (variables, arrays, functions, etc. ).
- Rules for forming identifiers:
- Must start with a letter or underscore.
- Can include letters, digits, and underscores.
- First 31 characters are significant.
- Cannot use keywords.
- Case Sensitive.
- Cannot contain spaces.
Unit II Chapter 2.2.4: Constants
- Fixed values that don't change during program execution.
- Types of constants:
- Numeric (integer, real, etc.).
- Character.
- String.
Unit II Chapter 2.2.5: Integer Constant
- Sequence of digits.
- Types: decimal, octal, hexadecimal (e.g., 123, 017, 0xAF)
Unit II Chapter 2.2.6: Real Constants
- Decimal values with optional decimal points (e.g., 3.14, -2.7, 1E-3). Can also be exponential.
Unit II Chapter 2.2.7: Character Constants
- Single character enclosed in single quotes (e.g., 'A', '5', ' ').
Unit II Chapter 2.2.8: String Constants
- Sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes (e.g., "Hello", "123", " ").
Unit II Chapter 2.2.9: Backslash Character Constants
- For special characters in strings (e.g., '\n' for newline, '\t' for tab).
Unit II Chapter 2.2.10: Symbolic Constants
- Named constants defined using
#define
. - Naming rules similar to identifiers. - Use for substituting values for better code readability. - Example:
#define PI 3.14159
.
Unit II Chapter 2.3: Variables
- Data names that store values that can change during program execution.
- Rules similar to identifiers.
- Variables must have a data type.
- Declaration:
data_type variable_name;
Unit II Chapter 2.4: Declaration of Variables
- Tell the compiler variable name and type.
- Separate multiple variables with commas
- Statements end with semicolons. e.g.,
int count; float total;
Unit II Chapter 2.5: Declaration Of Storage Class
- Storage classes provide information about variables.
- Types: auto, register, static, extern.
- Auto: Declared inside a block, Local (function), no default value
- Register: Stored in register, speed up execution, Limited data size & type.
- Static: Outside function scope. value persists.
- Extern: Declared outside any function but in the source code
Unit II Chapter 2.6: Assigning Values to Variables
- Assigning values to variables with
=
. - Use=
to give values to variables. - Example:x = 10;
Unit II Chapter 2.7: User defined types - typedef
- Allow you to create new names for existing types.
- e.g
typedef int units;
means from now onunits
can be used in place ofint
- Using this typedef will improve the readability and maintainability of the code.
Unit II Chapter 2.9: Enumerated Types
- Allows you to create a named set of constant values.
- Example:
enum color {RED, GREEN, BLUE};
- Example:
Unit III, Chapter 3.1: Introduction to Operators and Expressions
- Symbols performing operations on operands.
- There are various categories of operators. e.g Arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, bitwise, special.
- Expressions: Combinations of operators, operands, and constants combined according to language syntax
Unit III Chapter 3.1.1: Arithmetic Operators
- Operations for numerical calculations (e.g., +, -, *, /, %)
Unit III Chapter 3.1.2: Relational Operators
- Used to compare values (e.g., == for equal, != for not equal, < for less than).
Unit III Chapter 3.1.3: Logical Operators
- Operators for logical operations (e.g., && for AND, || for OR, ! for NOT).
Unit III Chapter 3.1.4: Assignment Operators
- Used to assign values to variables (e.g., =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=).
Unit III Chapter 3.1.5: Increment and Decrement Operators
- Used to increment or decrement variables by one (e.g., ++, --).
Unit III Chapter 3.1.6: Conditional Operator
- Ternary operator for conditional expressions (e.g., exp1? exp2: exp3).
Unit III Chapter 3.1.7: Bitwise Operators
- Used to manipulate bits of data at a low level. (e.g., &, |, ^, <<, >>)
Unit III Chapter 3.1.8: Special Operators
- Operators that perform specific tasks (e.g., sizeof, comma operator).
Unit III Chapter 3.2: Arithmetic Expressions
- Combining constants, variables, and operators for numerical calculations.
- Evaluation in accordance with precedence and associativity rules.
Unit III Chapter 3.3: Operator Precedence and Associativity
- Rules determining the order of operations.
- Order of operation for operators.
- Parentheses have highest priority.
Unit III Chapter 3.4: Type Conversion
- Implicit (automatic) and explicit (static) type conversion.
- Conversion hierarchy.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of the C programming language, including its history and evolution from earlier languages like ALGOL, BCPL, and B. It highlights key figures in structured programming and the significance of ANSI standardization. Test your understanding of how C was developed and its role alongside UNIX.