ICS-114 Midterm Study

C# Language Fundamentals

• Console is a class, WriteLine() is a method within the class
• _Main() method serves as the program's entry point.
• The base-2 numeral system is also known as the binary number system.
• The binary representation of the decimal value ten is 00001010.
• A megabyte is approximately one million bytes.
• An identifier named total$Amount is invalid because it uses a dollar sign ($). Only underscores are allowed.
• C#'s naming convention follows Pascal case, where the first letter of each identifier is capitalized, and subsequent words have their first letter capitalized.
• A valid C# identifier can use letters, numbers, and underscores. It must start with a letter or an underscore.
• A valid compile-time initialization for a double variable amountDue set to zero is: double amountDue = 0;
• Identifiers LeaveMap, ChooseTreasure, ActionHero, and WizardCastingSpell follow Pascal case naming convention.
• Every C# data type has a corresponding class in the .NET Common Type System.
• Reference types contain the memory address where the data is stored.
• The C# char value type can store characters like '0', '1', '2', '3', 'x', 'y', and 'z'.

Early Computing History

• Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine was an important early mechanical computing device.
• The ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer, used vacuum tubes for its circuitry.
• The Analytical Engine is considered the earliest prototype for a general-purpose computer.

Software Development

• Software consists of sets of instructions that direct the actions of a computer.
• Understanding the problem definition is crucial during the first phase of software development.
• An algorithm is a step-by-step process for solving a problem.
• C# follows a set of rules called syntax that programmers must follow.
• Procedural programming is also known as structured programming.
• C# is object-oriented, so programs are built around classes.

.NET Compilation and Execution

• During .NET compilation, all programming languages are converted into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), which is not the machine code of the target computer.
• The System namespace in C# contains classes for commonly used types.
• A method call invokes a method, while a method declaration defines it.
• Namespaces in C# group related types under a single name.

C# Data Types

• float values are represented as floating-point numbers and require the f or F suffix in initialization.
• The scientific notation 3.42e-4 is equivalent to 0.000342.
• The default data type for floating-point numbers in C# is double.
• Use the decimal type for currency or financial values.
• Implicit conversions occur when assigning integer values to decimal variables.
• The bool data type in C# has values of either true or false.
• “December” is a valid string literal representing the last month of the year.
• String and object are built-in reference types in C#.
• You can assign a variable to a constant, but not vice versa.
• The modulus operator (%) returns the remainder of a division.
• The ++ operator (increment) increases the value of a variable by one. It is used after the variable in the payment++ statement, so the value is increased after the value is used.
• The -= operator subtracts a value from a variable.
• The ++ operator (increment) increases the value of a variable by one. It is used before the variable in the ++payment statement, so the value is increased before it is used.
• In a mixed expression with integer and double values, the result will be a double.
• Assigning an integer to a double variable will not cause a syntax error.
• Calling a function requires considering the function's defining header including parameters and return type.
• A method declared as bool must return either true or false.
• C# supports call-by-value and call-by-reference parameter passing. Call-by-value is the default.

Classes in C#

• A class is often associated with an entity, which represents a person, place, or thing.
• Classes are used to define objects in C#, and all code is placed within at least one class.
• Methods within a class are called instance methods.
• Data members of a class (attributes) store information about an object.
• The new keyword is used to call constructors when instantiating objects.
• Data members of an object are not necessarily initialized to 0. Non-numeric data members are initialized to null.
• Default constructors typically have an empty body.
• Constructors should generally be declared with public access modifier.
• Constructors are used to create objects, not the other way around
• A property looks like a field and not like a method.
• Accessors are used to get or set values of a property.
• Instance methods of a class can manipulate data directly by accessing the private data members.
• To override the ToString() method in a class, use the override keyword.
• Invoking methods within a class is done using an object of that class.
• Proper naming conventions are used when defining classes, properties, and methods.

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of C#. This quiz covers essential topics such as the Console class, the Main method, binary number representation, and naming conventions for identifiers. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the basics of C# programming!