C++ Fundamentals Quiz

C++ Identifiers

• Identifiers must start with a letter or an underscore and can contain letters, digits, and underscores.
• Examples of valid identifiers: myVariable, count_1, _temp
• Identifiers are case-sensitive.

Code Output

• Given code:

  int x = 5;
  int y = x++;
  std::cout << y << std::endl;
  

• Output is 5 because x++ returns the value of x before incrementing it.

Reference vs Pointer

• References are aliases for existing variables, while pointers are variables that store the memory address of another variable.
• A reference must be initialized at declaration and cannot be null, while a pointer can be reassigned or can point to null.

Fundamental Data Types in C++

• Fundamental data types include int, char, float, and double.
• Types such as string and array are NOT considered fundamental types but rather complex or derived types.

'using namespace std;'

• This statement allows the use of features in the std namespace without qualification.
• Eliminates the need to prefix standard library objects and functions with std::, e.g., cout instead of std::cout.

While Loop vs Do-While Loop

• A while loop checks its condition before executing the block, which means it may not execute at all if the condition is false initially.
• A do-while loop executes its block at least once before evaluating the condition, ensuring that the block runs even if the condition is false.