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Questions and Answers

What is the SI base unit for mass?

  • Ampere
  • Meter
  • Kilogram (correct)
  • Liter

Which prefix represents a factor of $10^{3}$?

  • Kilo (correct)
  • Hecto
  • Giga
  • Mega

Which of the following is the SI unit for luminous intensity?

  • Ampere
  • Mole
  • Second
  • Candela (correct)

Which of these prefixes corresponds to a factor of $10^{-6}$?

<p>Micro (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI base unit for electric current?

<p>Ampere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor corresponds to the prefix 'femto'?

<p>$10^{-15}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many seconds are equivalent to 1 kilosecond?

<p>1,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a base SI unit?

<p>Liter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of standard is a substance of lower purity and its concentration is determined by comparison with a primary standard?

<p>Secondary Standard (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that Chemically Pure/Pure Grade preparations are not recommended for reagent preparation in clinical laboratories?

<p>Their impurity limitations are not stated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purification method primarily used for producing Reverse Osmosis Water?

<p>Pumping water across a semipermeable membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of water is ideal for lab procedures including reagent and standard preparation?

<p>Substantially Purified Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of using pre-filters in the preparation of reagent grade water?

<p>To remove 98% of particulate matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Technical or Commercial Grade chemicals?

<p>They are used primarily in manufacturing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of water purification method meets CLSI requirements and is used for laboratory applications?

<p>Deionized Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of water purification method would NOT typically be used in clinical laboratories?

<p>Technical or Commercial Grade Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does random error primarily detect in analytical methods?

<p>Imprecision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is associated with systematic error?

<p>Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What remedy is suggested for addressing random error in analytical methods?

<p>Re-assay using same reagent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph is preferred for quality control in laboratories?

<p>Levey Jennings Plot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is specifically used for detecting systematic errors?

<p>Sample Comparison (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cumulative Sum Graph is primarily used for what purpose?

<p>Detecting systematic errors over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common parameter used in random error analysis?

<p>Standard Deviation (SD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which control method is most widely used to apply multirules without computers?

<p>Levey Jennings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of centrifugation?

<p>To separate solid matter from a liquid suspension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the most accurate for delivering and weighing a solution of known specific gravity?

<p>Gravimetric (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors determine the centrifugal force in centrifugation?

<p>Mass, speed, and radius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the liquid that passes through filter paper during filtration called?

<p>Filtrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What secondary method utilizes absorbance to measure dye concentration in a solution?

<p>Spectrophotometric method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves using a semipermeable membrane for separation?

<p>Dialysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be checked using a tachometer or strobe light during the centrifugation process?

<p>Speed of the centrifuge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to large molecules during dialysis?

<p>They get collected on one side of the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of error does the 22S Westgard rule indicate?

<p>Systematic error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many consecutive controls are needed to apply the 41S rule?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 10x Westgard rule is characterized by:

<p>10 consecutive controls falling on one side of the mean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rule indicates a potential random error involving the same mean value?

<p>R4S (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive predictive value indicate?

<p>Probability that a person with a positive test result actually has the disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of error does the 12S Westgard rule primarily address?

<p>Random error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 13S Westgard rule?

<p>1 control value exceeds mean ±3SD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rule includes four consecutive values that exceed ±1 SD?

<p>41S (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Diagnostic Sensitivity parameter measures which of the following?

<p>Proportion with the disease who have a positive test result (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In quality control, what would indicate a systematic error according to the 22S rule?

<p>Two consecutive controls exceed ±2SD on the same side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is diagnostic specificity defined?

<p>Probability of a negative result in healthy individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Westgard rule identifies a pattern of ten consecutive controls?

<p>10x (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of controls must occur for the 12S rule to be applicable?

<p>One value exceeding the mean ±2SD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the R4S rule, which of the following combinations indicates a random error?

<p>One control above +2SD and one below -2SD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

SI base unit for mass

Kilogram

Prefix for $10^{3}$

Kilo

SI unit for luminous intensity

Candela

Prefix for $10^{-6}$

Micro

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SI unit for electric current

Ampere

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Prefix 'femto'

$10^{-15}$

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1 kilosecond in seconds

1,000 seconds

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Non-SI base unit example

Liter

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Secondary standard

Lower purity, calibrated against a primary standard.

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Reason NOT to use Chemically Pure/Pure Grade

Impurity limitations not stated.

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Reverse Osmosis Water purification

Semipermeable membrane for water purification.

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Ideal lab water type

Substantially Purified Water

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Pre-filter purpose

Removes particulate matter (98%).

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Technical/Commercial Grade chemicals

Used primarily in manufacturing not labs.

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Lab-quality water purification method

Deionized Water

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Uncommon lab water type

Technical or Commercial Grade.

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Random error detection

Detects imprecision.

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Systematic error parameter

Bias.

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Random error remedy

Re-assay with same reagent.

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Quality control graph

Levey Jennings Plot

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Systematic error detection

Sample comparison

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Cumulative Sum Graph use

Detecting systematic errors over time

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Random error parameter

Standard Deviation (SD)

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Multirule application method

Levey Jennings plot

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