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Questions and Answers
What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?
What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?
An emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli.
What does vicarious conditioning involve?
What does vicarious conditioning involve?
Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching a reaction of another person.
What is conditioned taste aversion?
What is conditioned taste aversion?
The development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste due to a previous association with nausea.
What does biological preparedness refer to?
What does biological preparedness refer to?
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What is stimulus substitution?
What is stimulus substitution?
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What is the cognitive perspective in classical conditioning?
What is the cognitive perspective in classical conditioning?
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What is operant conditioning?
What is operant conditioning?
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What does the Law of Effect state?
What does the Law of Effect state?
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What is an operant?
What is an operant?
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What is reinforcement?
What is reinforcement?
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What is a primary reinforcer?
What is a primary reinforcer?
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What is a secondary reinforcer?
What is a secondary reinforcer?
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What is positive reinforcement?
What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement?
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What is punishment?
What is punishment?
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What is punishment by application?
What is punishment by application?
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What is punishment by removal?
What is punishment by removal?
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Study Notes
Conditioned Emotional Response
- Conditioned emotional responses (CER) occur when emotions become linked to learned stimuli.
- Examples include fear of certain animals, like dogs, or attraction triggered by seeing an appealing person.
Vicarious Conditioning
- Vicarious conditioning involves learning emotional responses by observing reactions in others, demonstrating a social learning aspect in emotional development.
Conditioned Taste Aversion
- Conditioned taste aversion leads to nausea or dislike towards specific tastes after just one pairing, highlighting the strength of single associations in learning processes.
Biological Preparedness
- Biological preparedness explains why certain animals can quickly learn associations with significant survival implications, such as associating a taste with nausea.
Stimulus Substitution
- Stimulus substitution is an early theory by Pavlov, suggesting that a conditioned stimulus can replace an unconditioned stimulus when paired consistently.
Cognitive Perspective
- The cognitive perspective modernizes classical conditioning, viewing it as a process where the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a method of learning focused on the consequences of voluntary behaviors, emphasizing the role of rewards and punishments in shaping actions.
Law of Effect
- The Law of Effect posits that actions followed by pleasurable outcomes are likely to be repeated, while actions leading to negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.
Operant
- An operant refers to any behavior that is performed voluntarily, underscoring the significance of intentional actions in learning theories.
Reinforcement
- Reinforcement encompasses any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, playing a crucial role in operant conditioning.
Primary Reinforcer
- Primary reinforcers fulfill basic biological needs such as food, water, or physical touch, and are inherently satisfying without prior learning.
Secondary Reinforcer
- Secondary reinforcers gain their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers, examples include praise, tokens, or symbols of achievement.
Positive Reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement entails introducing a pleasurable stimulus following a desired behavior, thus increasing the chances of that behavior recurring.
Negative Reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement involves removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus as a response to a behavior, reinforcing that behavior through relief from discomfort.
Punishment
- Punishment reduces the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future by introducing negative consequences following the behavior.
Punishment by Application
- Punishment by application involves adding an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior, directly decreasing the chances of the behavior being repeated.
Punishment by Removal
- Punishment by removal consists of taking away a pleasurable stimulus following a behavior, aiming to deter the behavior by the loss of a positive experience.
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