Untitled Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?

An emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli.

What does vicarious conditioning involve?

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching a reaction of another person.

What is conditioned taste aversion?

The development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste due to a previous association with nausea.

What does biological preparedness refer to?

The tendency of animals to learn certain associations with only few pairings due to survival value. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus substitution?

A theory that states classical conditioning occurs because the conditioned stimulus becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive perspective in classical conditioning?

The view that classical conditioning occurs because the conditioned stimulus provides information about the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Effect state?

If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated; if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated. Signup and view all the answers

What is an operant?

Any voluntary behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is reinforcement?

Any event or stimulus that increases the probability that a response will occur again. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reinforcer?

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need. Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment?

Any event or object that makes a response less likely to happen again. Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment by application?

The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment by removal?

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Conditioned Emotional Response

Conditioned emotional responses (CER) occur when emotions become linked to learned stimuli.
Examples include fear of certain animals, like dogs, or attraction triggered by seeing an appealing person.

Vicarious Conditioning

Vicarious conditioning involves learning emotional responses by observing reactions in others, demonstrating a social learning aspect in emotional development.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion leads to nausea or dislike towards specific tastes after just one pairing, highlighting the strength of single associations in learning processes.

Biological Preparedness

Biological preparedness explains why certain animals can quickly learn associations with significant survival implications, such as associating a taste with nausea.

Stimulus Substitution

Stimulus substitution is an early theory by Pavlov, suggesting that a conditioned stimulus can replace an unconditioned stimulus when paired consistently.

Cognitive Perspective

The cognitive perspective modernizes classical conditioning, viewing it as a process where the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a method of learning focused on the consequences of voluntary behaviors, emphasizing the role of rewards and punishments in shaping actions.

Law of Effect

The Law of Effect posits that actions followed by pleasurable outcomes are likely to be repeated, while actions leading to negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Operant

An operant refers to any behavior that is performed voluntarily, underscoring the significance of intentional actions in learning theories.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement encompasses any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, playing a crucial role in operant conditioning.

Primary Reinforcer

Primary reinforcers fulfill basic biological needs such as food, water, or physical touch, and are inherently satisfying without prior learning.

Secondary Reinforcer

Secondary reinforcers gain their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers, examples include praise, tokens, or symbols of achievement.

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement entails introducing a pleasurable stimulus following a desired behavior, thus increasing the chances of that behavior recurring.

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement involves removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus as a response to a behavior, reinforcing that behavior through relief from discomfort.

Punishment

Punishment reduces the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future by introducing negative consequences following the behavior.

Punishment by Application

Punishment by application involves adding an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior, directly decreasing the chances of the behavior being repeated.

Punishment by Removal

Punishment by removal consists of taking away a pleasurable stimulus following a behavior, aiming to deter the behavior by the loss of a positive experience.