Untitled Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What defines the formation of igneous rocks?

  • Accumulation of organic material
  • Erosion and sediment compression
  • Cooling and solidification of magma (correct)
  • Transformation due to heat and pressure

Which term describes molten rock that is on the Earth's surface?

  • Lava (correct)
  • Magma
  • Granite
  • Basalt

Which of the following elements is the most abundant in igneous rocks?

  • Silicon (correct)
  • Aluminum
  • Calcium
  • Iron

What is a key characteristic of intrusive igneous rocks?

<p>They are formed from magma that solidifies below the surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these rock types is classified as extrusive igneous?

<p>Basalt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of a mafic igneous rock?

<p>High magnesium and iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the crystal sizes of intrusive igneous rocks generally compare to those of extrusive igneous rocks?

<p>Intrusive rocks have larger crystals than extrusive rocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes granite?

<p>A light-colored, coarse-grained intrusive rock. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What minerals primarily compose granite?

<p>Quartz, feldspar, and mica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rocks is considered the most common extrusive igneous rock?

<p>Basalt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of sedimentary rocks?

<p>They often display distinctive layering or bedding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the dark color of gabbro?

<p>Plagioclase feldspar crystals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rock is formed from very slowly cooling magma and contains a variety of minerals, including gemstones?

<p>Pegmatite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process primarily leads to the formation of sedimentary rocks?

<p>Compaction and cementation of sediments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rock is formed from intermediate-composition lava and is gray in color?

<p>Andesite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

<p>Intrusive rocks cool slowly underground, while extrusive rocks cool quickly at the surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the formation of vast areas of metamorphic rock due to high pressure and heat?

<p>Regional Metamorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metamorphic rocks is characterized by a layered or banded structure?

<p>Foliated Metamorphic Rocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of contact metamorphism?

<p>Creation of non-foliated metamorphic rocks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which geological process do immense forces compress and uplift rocks, often leading to regional metamorphism?

<p>Mountain Building (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes hydrothermal metamorphism?

<p>Involves hot, chemically-charged fluids circulating through rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral property is primarily responsible for the cleavage observed in slate?

<p>Alignment of mica minerals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence the extent of contact metamorphism?

<p>Type of surrounding flora (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological feature often leads to extensive regional metamorphism due to immense heat and pressure?

<p>Continental Collisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metamorphic rock is characterized by a flaky appearance due to its mica minerals?

<p>Schist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mineral composition of marble?

<p>Calcite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-foliated rock is known for its hardness and is often used for countertops?

<p>Quartzite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metamorphic rock is described as having alternating layers of light and dark minerals?

<p>Gneiss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rock is formed from the metamorphism of chert and is used for abrasives?

<p>Novaculite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metamorphism primarily leads to the formation of hornfels?

<p>Contact metamorphism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metamorphic rock is often used as a source of iron ore?

<p>Skarn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic color is attributed to blue schist due to glaucophane?

<p>Blue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary types of sedimentary rocks?

<p>Organic, Clastic, Chemical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

<p>Metamorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Principle of Superposition state?

<p>Older rock layers are at the bottom. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Organic Sedimentary Rocks?

<p>They develop from the accumulation of plant or animal debris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a factor influencing metamorphism?

<p>Cooling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the rocks that undergo metamorphism?

<p>Protoliths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Chemical Sedimentary Rocks?

<p>They form from the precipitation of dissolved materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of clastic sedimentary rock?

<p>Sandstone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards are hidden until you start studying

Study Notes

Petrology and Rock Types

  • Petrology studies rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, focusing on their formation and transformation.
  • Rocks are naturally occurring aggregates of minerals or rock fragments.
  • Divided into three main categories based on origin, composition, and texture.

Igneous Rocks

  • Formed from the cooling and solidification of melted rock (magma) which becomes lava when erupted.
  • Composed of the Earth's crust's most common elements: Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium.
  • Silicates are the predominant type, featuring high silicon and oxygen content.

Types of Igneous Rocks

  • Intrusive (Plutonic): Formed from magma cooling within the Earth's crust, characterized by large crystal sizes due to slow cooling.

    • Examples: Granite (light-colored, coarse-grained), Gabbro (dark-colored, coarse-grained), Pegmatite (extremely coarse-grained).
  • Extrusive (Volcanic): Formed from lava cooling on the surface, with smaller crystals due to rapid cooling.

    • Examples: Basalt (dark and fine-grained), Andesite (gray and fine-grained), Rhyolite (light-colored and fine-grained).

Sedimentary Rocks

  • Formed from sedimentation, compaction, and cementation of pre-existing rocks or biological debris.
  • Typically exhibit distinctive layering (bedding).

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

  • Organic: Derived from plant or animal debris (e.g., chalk, coal).
  • Clastic: Formed from mechanical weathering debris (e.g., breccia, sandstone).
  • Chemical: Result from the precipitation of dissolved materials (e.g., limestone, rock salt).

Geological Principles

  • Principle of Superposition: In rock layers, the oldest strata are at the bottom and the youngest at the top.

Metamorphic Rocks

  • Result from the alteration of existing rocks (parent rocks) under high temperature and pressure, without complete melting.
  • Metamorphism involves texture, mineralogy, and composition alterations.

Influencing Factors

  • Temperature: Must exceed 150-200°C for reactivity.
  • Pressure: Often greater than 100 megapascals, facilitating structural changes.
  • Chemical Modifiers: Hot fluids can add or remove minerals.
  • Time: Changes occur over millions of years.

Metamorphism Processes

  • Regional Metamorphism: Creates extensive metamorphic rock due to tectonic pressures (e.g., mountain building).
  • Contact Metamorphism: Occurs when hot magma intrudes into cooler rocks, producing non-foliated rocks.
  • Hydrothermal Metamorphism: Involves chemically charged hot fluids altering rock texture and composition.

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

  • Foliated: Layered or banded from mineral alignment due to pressure.

    • Examples: Slate (fine-grained), Schist (coarse-grained), Gneiss (complex banded structure).
  • Non-foliated: Homogeneous appearance lacking layering.

    • Examples: Marble (from limestone), Quartzite (from sandstone), Soapstone (primarily talc).

Additional Metamorphic Rock Types

  • Hornfels: Fine-grained, formed by contact metamorphism.
  • Blue Schist: High-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rock with blue hues.
  • Eclogite: High-grade metamorphic rock indicating significant burial with garnet and omphacite presence.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Properties of Rocks PDF

More Like This

Untitled Quiz
6 questions

Untitled Quiz

AdoredHealing avatar
AdoredHealing
Untitled Quiz
37 questions

Untitled Quiz

WellReceivedSquirrel7948 avatar
WellReceivedSquirrel7948
Untitled Quiz
55 questions

Untitled Quiz

StatuesquePrimrose avatar
StatuesquePrimrose
Untitled Quiz
48 questions

Untitled Quiz

StraightforwardStatueOfLiberty avatar
StraightforwardStatueOfLiberty
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser