Business Structures and Management Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of business structure allows for the pooling of resources while sharing financial risks and returns?

  • Limited liability company
  • Sole proprietorship
  • Public limited company
  • Partnership (correct)

In a limited partnership, which type of partner has unlimited liability and manages the business?

  • Silent partner
  • General partner (correct)
  • Limited partner
  • Managing partner

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes a private limited company from a limited partnership?

  • Ownership structure based on partnerships
  • Unlimited liability for all owners
  • Limited liability for all owners
  • Ownership structure based on shares (correct)

Which type of business structure is characterized by separation of ownership and management?

<p>Public limited company (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of business structure faces taxation at both the business and shareholder level?

<p>Public limited company (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential conflict of interest between a company's shareholders and its management?

<p>Shareholders demanding higher risk premiums (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a potential consequence of management taking on too much risk?

<p>Increased shareholder value (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a company's compensation structure being dominated by stock grants and options?

<p>Increased risk aversion by management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) related risk?

<p>Information asymmetry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a company mitigate social risks associated with employee relations?

<p>Implementing employee training programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit of a company having a strong corporate governance structure?

<p>Lower cost of capital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential conflict of interest between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders?

<p>Controlling shareholders may prioritize short-term gains over long-term value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with a dual-class share structure?

<p>Reduced influence for minority shareholders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit of a dispersed corporate ownership structure?

<p>Lower cost of capital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of a company's management engaging in empire building?

<p>Increased shareholder value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a potential risk associated with transition risks related to a lower-carbon economy?

<p>Increased shareholder value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of a company's management engaging in self-dealing?

<p>Increased shareholder value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of shareholder relationship is likely to prioritize short-term gains over long-term stability?

<p>Minority Shareholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential conflict of interest between shareholders and creditors?

<p>Shareholders favor long-term debt while creditors favor short-term debt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a factor that increases information asymmetry?

<p>Companies with high levels of institutional ownership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between nominal and real cash flows?

<p>Nominal cash flows include inflation effects, while real cash flows are adjusted to remove inflation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of monitoring and post-investment review?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pitfall of capital allocation?

<p>Using debt financing to fund investments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opportunity cost of internal financing?

<p>The cost of equity capital, which is the required rate of return for shareholders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a behavioral bias that can impact capital allocation decisions?

<p>Inertia, continuing to invest in similar projects even if returns are declining. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the hurdle rate in capital budgeting?

<p>The minimum acceptable rate of return for an investment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of incremental cash flows?

<p>They represent the additional cash flows that will be generated by the investment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of using earnings per share (EPS) as a metric for capital allocation decisions?

<p>EPS does not reflect the time value of money. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a real option in capital budgeting?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern for smaller, privately held firms when seeking short-term funding?

<p>They may not have the minimum size or financial capacity to access short-term credit markets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit of a timing option?

<p>It allows a company to delay an investment decision until more information is available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why firms may choose to have multiple sources of short-term funding?

<p>To ensure adequate funding capacity during peak seasonal needs or planned growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a consideration when evaluating the legal considerations related to short-term funding?

<p>The likelihood of obtaining a loan based on creditworthiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a 'regulatory compliance' capital investment project?

<p>Conducted to meet legal or regulatory requirements, even though they may not directly generate revenue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a 'going concern' capital investment project?

<p>Acquiring a competitor in a new industry to expand the business. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In capital investment analysis, what is meant by 'opportunity cost'?

<p>The expected return investors could earn by investing elsewhere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to match the funding lifespan with the lifespan of a capital investment?

<p>To minimize the risk of having to refinance the investment before its completion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key objective of the idea generation phase in the capital allocation process?

<p>To identify potential capital investment opportunities that align with the firm's strategy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential risk associated with expansion of existing business?

<p>Facing new competition or increased complexity in operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the capital allocation process of a firm?

<p>The firm's ability to manage risk and the risk-adjusted returns of its investments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common starting point for idea generation in the capital allocation process?

<p>Assessing the firm's competitive landscape and identifying opportunities for growth and expansion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is capital allocation considered a more granular process than portfolio management?

<p>Capital allocation typically involves using proprietary, non-public information while portfolio management relies on publicly available data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of matching the funding lifespan with the lifespan of a capital investment?

<p>It reduces the risk of needing to refinance the investment before its full completion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why firms may choose to invest in regulatory compliance projects, even if these projects don't directly generate revenue?

<p>To comply with legal and regulatory requirements and avoid potential penalties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a 'new lines of business' capital investment project?

<p>Expanding operations to adjacent products, or new regions or markets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of strong governance in a corporation?

<p>To ensure proper scrutiny and control at all corporate levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a company mitigate risks associated with regulatory questioning?

<p>By enhancing internal compliance procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of poor management of creditor interests?

<p>It restricts corporate actions that may jeopardize repayment of debt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cash conversion cycle illustrate?

<p>The time between a company paying its suppliers and receiving cash from customers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy can help shorten the cash conversion cycle?

<p>Implement just-in-time inventory levels to reduce days of inventory on hand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of reputational risks for public companies?

<p>They can deter top talent and impact capital acquisition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does effective governance at shareholder meetings influence investors?

<p>It ensures investors can vote on important corporate matters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by days sales outstanding (DSO)?

<p>The duration a company takes to receive cash after a sale. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could a company do to improve its operational efficiency?

<p>Enhance mechanisms for monitoring compliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to lower costs of debt for a company?

<p>Transparency and better earnings reports. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a longer cash conversion cycle typically have on a firm's financial health?

<p>Reduces credit quality and bargaining power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines net working capital?

<p>Current assets less current liabilities excluding cash (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a cash flow statement primarily detail?

<p>Movement of cash over a specific period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which liquidity ratio indicates whether a firm can meet its short-term obligations without selling inventory?

<p>Quick ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drag on liquidity in a company?

<p>Uncollected receivables from customers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary liquidity source?

<p>Real estate property (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of increasing the line of credit to new customers?

<p>Increased need for working capital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation describes a conservative working capital strategy?

<p>Larger short-term assets compared to sales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of delaying or reducing capital expenditures?

<p>Long-term growth opportunities may be missed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Form 8-K in the reporting process?

<p>To announce major events related to the company. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an aggressive working capital management strategy?

<p>Smaller short-term asset positions versus sales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which report is required to include management compensation proposals?

<p>Proxy statement/Form DEF-14A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action does NOT signal deteriorating financial health?

<p>Increasing credit limits to customers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for a segment to be reported separately in financial statements?

<p>If it constitutes over 10% of combined operating segments' revenue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a current ratio greater than 1?

<p>Ability to cover current liabilities with current assets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the European Securities and Market Authority (ESMA)?

<p>To supervise EU cross border markets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a short cash conversion cycle?

<p>Efficient use of working capital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an unqualified audit opinion indicate?

<p>The financial statements are free from material misstatement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding IFRS and GAAP is true?

<p>Both allow flexibility in choosing accounting policies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of liquidity is constructed primarily from cash and quickly liquidated securities?

<p>Primary liquidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of report does Form 10-Q represent?

<p>Quarterly reporting for US registrants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a key attribute of Management Commentary included in 10-K and 10-Q?

<p>Overview of accounting policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Notes to financial statements?

<p>To give essential information about accounting policies and estimations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 require auditors to report on?

<p>The company's internal control systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a company's internal controls?

<p>To ensure sound processes for generating financial reports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organizations developed the IFRS?

<p>International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is revenue recognized according to general principles of revenue recognition?

<p>When it is earned, not necessarily received (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criterion for identifying performance obligations in a contract?

<p>The distinctiveness and benefits of goods or services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be recognized if a sale or contract is likely to be reversed?

<p>A refund liability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of economic events should analysts monitor for changes in financial reporting standards?

<p>New business trends and financial instruments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source of information may provide biased insights about a company?

<p>Press releases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under revenue recognition, what must be highly probable for revenue to be recognized?

<p>Collectability of payments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'deferred revenue' signify in accounting terms?

<p>Revenue that is paid in advance and recognized over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In franchising, how should revenue be categorized?

<p>Into distinct categories like company-owned stores and royalties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these groups is responsible for ensuring that a listed company's financial reporting complies with jurisdictional requirements?

<p>Independent Auditors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which corporate governance mechanism is most directly involved in ensuring that a company acts in the best interests of its shareholders?

<p>Shareholder Activism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Nominating/Governance Committee within a company's board of directors?

<p>Identifying and evaluating candidates for board membership and overseeing corporate governance policies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company seeking to acquire another company without the target company's management's consent is engaging in a:

<p>Hostile Takeover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a shareholder rights plan, also known as a 'poison pill'?

<p>To deter potential hostile takeovers by making it more expensive for a hostile bidder to acquire a controlling interest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a bond indenture in corporate governance?

<p>To define the terms and conditions of a bond issuance, including rights and obligations of bondholders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption can be made about a company's current capital structure?

<p>It represents the target structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of corporate governance, what is the primary concern regarding short-term incentives, such as stock options, for executives?

<p>They can encourage executives to focus on immediate gains at the expense of long-term company growth and sustainability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common defense mechanism employed by a company's board of directors to resist a hostile takeover?

<p>Tender Offer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What financing method do managers prefer according to the Pecking Order Theory?

<p>Internal financing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a signal to the market when a company issues new equity?

<p>Signaling a need for additional capital (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of stronger corporate governance practices?

<p>Improved financial performance and investor confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common risk associated with weak corporate governance practices?

<p>Improved access to capital markets, enhancing the company's financial flexibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might motivate a company to repurchase shares?

<p>Management believes shares are overvalued (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does higher debt influence management behavior according to the free cash flow hypothesis?

<p>It restrains risky investments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a B2B business model feature?

<p>Focusing on straightforward needs of business customers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In competitive markets, what pricing strategy is a company likely to adopt?

<p>Cost leadership strategy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the value-based pricing model?

<p>Prices reflect the value received by the customer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'tiered pricing' refer to?

<p>Charging different prices based on customer segments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drawback might a company face with penetration pricing?

<p>Building market share can come at the cost of margins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a freemium business model?

<p>To attract users with free offerings followed by paid upgrades. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high asymmetry between managers and investors on expected returns?

<p>It increases expected returns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a company issuing debt from a management perspective?

<p>Signaling confidence in future payment abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model allows companies to sell multiple products together?

<p>Bundling model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for a firm to return capital to investors when all positive NPV project opportunities have been exhausted?

<p>To ensure investors earn their required rate of return. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key characteristic of a capital-intensive business?

<p>Short and negative cash conversion cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using decision trees in evaluating capital investments with real options?

<p>They allow for the analysis of sequential decisions and their potential outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the government regulation of capital structure typically affect the cost of capital for a firm?

<p>It often increases the cost of capital by requiring higher equity financing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the required rate of return for debt investors is typically lower than the required rate of return for equity investors?

<p>Debt investors have a higher priority claim on the firm's assets in case of bankruptcy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cost of debt for an issuer get adjusted for tax deductibility?

<p>It is multiplied by (1 - tax rate) to obtain the after-tax cost of debt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the issuer's required rate of return and the cost of capital?

<p>The issuer's required rate of return is equal to the cost of capital. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating a capital investment with real options, why is it important to consider the incremental cost of the real option?

<p>To adjust the project's NPV for the cost of exercising the option. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is NOT a common way to evaluate capital investments?

<p>Internal rate of return (IRR) analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of financing used during the early stages of a company's corporate life cycle?

<p>Equity financing from employees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a firm's capital structure affect its cost of capital?

<p>The optimal capital structure minimizes the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the growth phase of a company, what is primarily needed to support expansion?

<p>Additional investment for scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to revenue growth as a company enters the mature phase?

<p>It slows but becomes more predictable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes financial leverage?

<p>It is the ratio of debt to total equity or income (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high interest coverage ratio indicate about a company?

<p>It can comfortably meet interest obligations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under Modigliani-Miller Proposition I without taxes, what is the relationship between the value of levered and unlevered firms?

<p>Levered and unlevered firms have equal value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of corporate taxes, how does using debt affect the value of a firm?

<p>It may increase the firm's value due to the tax shield (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason a company might prefer equity financing to debt financing?

<p>Equity financing does not require repayment like debt does (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT considered when determining the cost of debt for a company?

<p>Employee productivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does higher operating leverage have on a company's profits?

<p>It causes greater fluctuation in cash flow and profitability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key determinant of the optimal capital structure of a firm?

<p>Trade-off between tax shields and financial distress costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) when a company increases its use of debt in the presence of taxes?

<p>WACC decreases as debt increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can heighten uncertainty in meeting debt obligations for a firm?

<p>High operating leverage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of value chain analysis in a firm?

<p>To link the firm's value proposition to its profitability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cost of financial distress' refer to?

<p>The cost arising from uncertainty in meeting obligations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes leasing in a business context?

<p>The use of real estate or physical assets without ownership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can network effects impact a platform business model?

<p>By increasing the value of a network as more users join (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)?

<p>To oversee auditors and ensure audit quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of business models, what distinguishes a value-added reseller?

<p>They enhance products with additional services or installations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of securities regulation?

<p>To protect investors and ensure fair market practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge for businesses under conventional business models?

<p>Regulation and price sensitivity from customers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is endorsed by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO)?

<p>Uniform regulation and cross-border cooperation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of subscription pricing in modern business scenarios?

<p>It creates new revenue streams in various markets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does effective financial statement analysis help managers achieve?

<p>Making informed financing, operating, and investment decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does franchising differ from licensing in a business context?

<p>Franchising grants the right to sell and receive support in a territory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do multi-sided networks have on users?

<p>They enhance value by connecting different user types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'business model innovation' usually entail?

<p>Introducing new technologies or market entrants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of using debt financing when the investment return percentage is higher than the debt interest percentage?

<p>ROE will be higher. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parties are considered stakeholders in a company?

<p>All of the above, as well as government agencies, suppliers, and the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a private debtholder and a public debtholder?

<p>Private debtholders have more influence over the company's operations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the shareholder theory of corporate governance?

<p>Focusing primarily on shareholder value creation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for a company in adopting ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) standards?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a company align the interests of managers with those of shareholders and stakeholders?

<p>By providing managers with stock options. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage for a company in adopting ESG standards?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key factor in determining the soundness of a company's governance?

<p>The composition of the board of directors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a supervisory board in a two-tier corporate governance structure?

<p>To oversee the activities of the board of directors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a staggered board structure?

<p>To ensure continuity in board leadership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a company increase shareholder value through its relationship with customers?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge for a company in managing its relationship with suppliers?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key interest of governments in relation to corporations?

<p>Promoting economic growth and social welfare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a physical risk posed by climate change?

<p>Damage to assets by severe weather. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is revenue recognized for an ongoing maintenance service contract, as part of a software license?

<p>Over the term of the license, as the service is performed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criteria needs to be met for revenue to be recognized over time for a long-term contract?

<p>The entity's performance creates or enhances an asset controlled by the customer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a customer requests a bill and hold arrangement, what condition must be met for the revenue to be recognized?

<p>The product must be ready for physical transfer to the customer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances are expenses recognized in accordance with the matching principle?

<p>When the company recognizes revenue from the sale of goods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an expense that is typically expensed as incurred?

<p>The cost of salaries for administrative personnel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these represents a valid method used to estimate the progress toward completion of a performance obligation in a long-term contract?

<p>Measuring the amount of materials used. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of up-front fees in a franchise agreement?

<p>To generate revenue for the franchisor over the term of the franchise agreement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is revenue typically recognized for a software license sold as "as is"?

<p>At the time of the transfer of the license. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature that distinguishes corporations from limited partnerships?

<p>Corporations have a legal identity separate from their owners, while limited partnerships do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes public corporations from private ones?

<p>Public corporations have to disclose their financial performance and share ownership to the public. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor driving the decision for a private company to go public?

<p>To access a wider pool of capital and investors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC) differ from a traditional Initial Public Offering (IPO)?

<p>SPACs are typically used to acquire an existing private company, while IPOs are used to raise capital for new ventures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common factor that can lead to a company going from public to private?

<p>A need to increase transparency and disclosure to the public. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical reason for a government to establish state-owned corporations?

<p>To compete with private companies in the market. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between debt and equity financing?

<p>Debt financing is a fixed claim on a company’s assets and cash flows. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does using debt financing impact a company's return on equity (ROE)?

<p>It typically leads to a higher ROE, as the interest expense on the debt is tax-deductible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between free float shares and shares held by insiders or strategic investors?

<p>Free float shares are typically traded in the public market, while shares held by insiders are typically not traded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical requirement for a company to go public?

<p>Maintaining a minimum level of profitability for a specified period of time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a direct listing in the stock market?

<p>To make shares of a private company available to the public without any underwriting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an investment fund and a corporation?

<p>Investment funds typically invest in financial instruments, while corporations invest in operating assets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key consideration for investors when evaluating a company's financial performance?

<p>The company's dividend payout ratio and earnings per share. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a company mitigate the risks associated with double taxation, which is a potential drawback of the corporate structure?

<p>By reinvesting profits back into the business rather than distributing them as dividends. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sole Proprietorship

A business owned and managed by one individual, who provides capital and assumes risks.

General Partnership

A business structure where two or more persons share ownership, resources, risks, and are personally liable for debts.

Limited Partnership

A partnership with at least one general partner (unlimited liability) and limited partners (limited liability).

Limited Liability Company (LLC)

A business structure that provides limited liability to its owners while allowing pass-through taxation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Public Limited Company

A corporation with no limit on ownership, shares traded publicly, and separate ownership/management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cost of Debt vs Return on Assets

The interest cost of debt is lower than the return on assets, affecting profitability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revenue Impact on Shareholder Returns

A 20% increase in revenue shows greater potential shareholder returns, while a decrease can hinder debt payments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ROE Variation with Debt

Return on Equity (ROE) variation is greater in a company financed by debt and equity than by equity alone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dilution

The increased number of shares for financing reduces ownership associated with each share.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Debt Interest vs Investment Return

If the investment return percentage is higher than the debt interest, using debt can increase ROE.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shareholder Objectives

Shareholders want management to pursue calculated risks, maximize debt financing, and provide higher cash dividends.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bondholder Expectations

Bondholders desire timely payments and prefer less risky projects to safeguard their investment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corporate Stakeholders

Stakeholders include debt and equity investors, management, employees, customers, suppliers, and governments impacted by corporate actions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shareholder Theory

View that corporate governance serves the interests of shareholders above all others, with other parties considered only as they impact shareholder value.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stakeholder Theory

Proposal that corporate governance should account for the interests of all stakeholders, balancing various needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ESG Considerations

Environmental, social, and governance factors that influence corporate governance, often pushed by stakeholders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Private Debtholders

Private debtholders, like banks, have direct access to management, reducing information gaps and influencing company decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Board of Directors

Group responsible for hiring the CEO and overseeing company performance, consisting of inside and independent directors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Role of Employees

Employees provide essential skills and labor, with management aiming to offer competitive salaries and job security.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Government Stakeholders

Governments are interested in corporations for economic health, compliance with laws, and social welfare of their citizens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Double Taxation

Taxation of corporate profits and again on dividends paid to shareholders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

C-Corporation

A corporation taxed separately from its owners under IRS rules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Public Corporation

A corporation whose shares are traded on a stock exchange.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Private Corporation

A corporation that does not sell shares to the public.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Equity Financing

Raising capital by selling shares of stock.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Debt Financing

Raising capital through borrowing, repaid with interest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Initial Public Offering (IPO)

The process of offering shares to the public for the first time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Share Issuance

Process of offering new shares to raise capital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Going Private

The process of a public company being converted to private ownership.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Return on Equity (ROE)

A measure of profitability calculated by dividing net income by shareholder's equity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC)

A company created to raise capital to acquire an unspecified private company.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Free Float Shares

Shares that are publicly available for trading, not held by insiders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transparency and Disclosure

Obligation for corporations to provide accurate information about operations and financial status.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Owner-Manager Separation

Distinct roles and responsibilities between shareholders and company executives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transition Risks

Losses associated with moving to a lower-carbon economy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stranded Assets

Emission-intensive assets that may become unviable if demand declines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Environmental Adverse Effects

Negative impacts such as oil spills and contamination from industrial waste.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Factors

Elements affecting people: employees, customers, and communities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Minimizing Social Risk

Reducing potential risks to increase productivity and reputation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corporate Governance

Framework of rules and practices that direct a corporation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stakeholder Conflicts

Disagreements among parties involved in or affected by a company's decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Principal-Agent Relationship

A relationship where one party hires another to act on its behalf.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agency Costs

Costs arising from conflicts in the principal-agent relationship.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Information Asymmetry

A situation where one party has more or better information than another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Empire Building

Management's pursuit of growth for its own sake, potentially harming shareholder value.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Controlling Shareholders

Owners with significant control over a corporation, often from concentrated ownership.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Voting Blocs

Groups of shareholders that unite to advocate for their interests.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Debtholders vs. Shareholders

Debtholders prefer less risk and asset preservation, while shareholders seek higher returns.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Debt Risks

Potential losses for debtholders due to changes in management or business conditions over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corporate Governance Mechanisms

Systems and processes ensuring company management aligns with stakeholder interests.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proxy Voting

A method that allows shareholders to vote through an agent instead of attending meetings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shareholder Activism

Efforts by shareholders to influence a company's behavior to increase value.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hostile Takeover

An acquisition attempt of a company without the consent of its management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Staggered Board Elections

Elections where board members are rotated, preventing complete board replacement at once.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bond Indenture

A legal contract outlining the obligations and rights of bondholders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nominating Committee

A board committee responsible for selecting director candidates and governance policy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)

A program allowing employees to have shares in the company, aligning their interests with the company’s performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Creditor Committees

Groups formed during bankruptcy to negotiate restructuring of company debt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corporate Governance Risks

Potential threats arising from poor governance, impacting decision-making and performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asymmetry of Information

A situation where one party has more or better information than another, leading to potential conflicts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cash Conversion Cycle

The time it takes for a company to convert its investments in inventory and accounts receivable back into cash.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Days Sales Outstanding (DSO)

The average number of days it takes a company to collect payment after a sale.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Days Inventory on Hand (DOH)

The average number of days that inventory is held before it is sold.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Days Payable Outstanding (DPO)

The average number of days a company takes to pay its suppliers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reputational Risk

The potential loss from a damaged public perception or status of the company.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Independent Audit Committee

A group responsible for overseeing financial reporting and disclosure, separate from management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compliance Procedures

Processes implemented to ensure adherence to laws and regulations within the organization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Operational Efficiency

The ability of an organization to deliver products or services in the most cost-effective manner without compromising quality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Effective Annual Rate (EAR)

The annual interest rate that reflects compounding over the year.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Total Working Capital

The difference between current assets and current liabilities of a firm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Net Working Capital

Current assets minus current liabilities, excluding cash and marketable securities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liquidity

The ability of a firm to meet short-term obligations with cash and near cash assets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Current Ratio

A liquidity ratio indicating a firm's ability to cover short-term liabilities with current assets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quick Ratio

A measure of a company’s ability to meet short-term obligations using its most liquid assets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cash Flow from Operations

Net cash generated from business activities, excluding investments and financing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Free Cash Flow

Cash flow after accounting for capital expenditures; indicates financial flexibility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Permanent Current Assets

Base levels of assets needed for continuous operations of a firm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Variable Current Assets

Assets that fluctuate, depending on seasonality or growth phases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conservative Funding Strategy

High reliance on long-term debt/equity, larger short-term asset positions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aggressive Funding Strategy

Lower reliance on short-term assets, more short-term liabilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liquidity Drags and Pulls

Factors causing delays in cash inflows (drags) or accelerating cash outflows (pulls).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renegotiating Contracts

Adjusting contract terms to improve cash flow and working capital positions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Net Present Value (NPV)

The present value of future cash inflows minus the investment's costs; invest if NPV >= 0.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

The discount rate that makes the NPV of an investment equal to zero; invest if IRR >= required rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)

Measures a firm's efficiency in generating returns from capital; excludes working capital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Errors in Capital Allocation

Mistakes in forecasting and analyzing investments, leading to poor decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Real Options

Rights to take future action on investments; value enhancing if exercised.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hurdle Rate

Minimum required return an investment must achieve; IRR must exceed it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behavioral Biases in Capital Allocation

Mental shortcuts or biases affecting investment choices and decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sunk Costs

Costs that have already been incurred and should not factor into future investment decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Timing of Cash Flows

The effect of when cash flows occur on NPV and IRR values; differs if delayed or accelerated.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incremental Cash Flows

Cash flows that result directly from a specific investment decision; consider only future impacts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short Term Funding

Capital needed for a firm to meet immediate operational expenses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trade Credits

An agreement where a supplier allows the buyer to purchase goods or services on account.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Creditworthiness

Assessment of a borrower's ability to repay a loan.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Legal Considerations

Factors related to law that affect a firm's borrowing capacity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Underlying Assets

Assets used as collateral for securing funding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Price Setting Option

A strategy to benefit from excess demand by adjusting prices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capital Investments

Long-term investments in projects that will appear as assets on the balance sheet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Going Concern

The assumption that a company will continue its operations indefinitely.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Production Flexibility Option

The ability to adjust production levels if demand doesn't match forecasts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regulatory Compliance Projects

Investments made to meet safety and regulatory standards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NPV with Real Options

NPV calculation includes expected cash flows and subtracts costs of options.

Signup and view all the flashcards

WACC

Weighted Average Cost of Capital, combining costs of debt and equity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Expansion of Existing Business

Growth projects focused on increasing company size or market presence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cost of Debt

The return required by debt investors, based on interest rates and risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Risk Adjusted Returns

Expected returns on investment adjusted for the risk involved.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Market Value Proportions

The ratio of debt and equity based on current market values.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Investment Analysis

Evaluating the potential profitability and risks of an investment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Idea Generation

Process of brainstorming new investment opportunities and projects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capital Structure

The mix of debt and equity financing used by a company.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Low Asset Turnover

Indicates a higher ratio of assets to sales, representing capital-intensive needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capital Allocation Process

The method by which management decides on investments and returns.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Competitive Position

A firm's standing relative to its peers in the market.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capital-Light Businesses

Businesses that require minimal capital investment, typically in tech or services.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maintenance Capital Expenditure

Funds used to maintain current assets, ensuring they remain operational.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Government Regulation on Capital Structure

Rules that require firms to maintain certain equity levels relative to assets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Form 10-K

An annual report required by the SEC, providing a comprehensive overview of a company’s financial performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proxy Statement (Form DEF-14A)

A document required by the SEC for proposals requiring shareholder votes, including management compensation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Form 8-K

A current report to announce major events like acquisitions or management changes, required by the SEC.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Management Commentary (MD&A)

Part of 10-K/10-Q where management discusses business nature, performance, and outlook, required by the SEC.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Auditor’s Reports

Written opinions about financial statements, assessing if they comply with applicable standards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unqualified Audit Opinion

An opinion stating financial statements are presented fairly, without issues, also called a clean opinion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Qualified Audit Opinion

An audit opinion given when there are some scope limitations or discrepancies in accounting standards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adverse Audit Opinion

An opinion indicating financial statements materially depart from accounting standards, not fairly presented.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forward-Looking Disclosures

Statements providing insight into planned future capital expenditures and potential growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Financial Notes

Information provided in financial statements that clarifies accounting policies, estimates, and methods used.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Upfront Fees

Deferred revenue recognized over the term of franchise agreements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Revenue recognized over the term or at license transfer of software services.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long Term Contracts

Recognize revenue over time if performance obligations are met during the contract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bill and Hold Arrangements

Revenue recognized when certain conditions are met for products not yet transferred.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Expense Recognition

Expenses matched to revenues when economic benefits are incurred or lost.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Matching Principle

Recognizes expenses in the same period as corresponding revenues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Progress Toward Completion

Revenue recognition methods based on production progress (output/input methods).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Economic Benefit

The value derived from an asset or expenditure, considered for expense classification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Book Value of Debt/Equity

The recorded value of a company's debt compared to its equity on the balance sheet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Target Weights

Proportions of debt and equity in a firm's capital structure for optimal cost of capital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pecking Order Theory

Theory suggesting that firms prefer internal financing first, then debt, and equity last.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asymmetric Information

Situation where one party has more or better information than another, affecting decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Free Cash Flow Hypothesis

Theory suggesting higher debt induces more efficient management of free cash flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Business Model Features

Components of a business model outlining customers, offerings, channels, and pricing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pricing Strategies

Approaches to setting prices based on market factors, competition, and consumer willingness to pay.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Penetration Pricing

Pricing strategy aimed at gaining market share by setting lower prices initially.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dynamic Pricing

Adjusting prices based on current demand or market conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Value-Based Pricing

Setting prices based on the perceived value to the customer rather than cost.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Freemium Business Model

Offering basic services for free while charging for premium features.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bundling

Selling multiple products together as a package to enhance value.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Razor-Razorblade Model

Initial low-cost item followed by high-margin consumables needed for use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Controls

Processes and systems ensuring financial reporting is accurate and sound.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IFRS

International Financial Reporting Standards set by IASB for global accounting consistency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revenue Recognition Principle

Revenue is recognized when earned, not when cash is received.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Contract Identification

Recognize agreements with customers that have commercial substance for revenue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Performance Obligations

Distinct goods or services promised to a customer in a contract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transaction Price

Estimated amount a seller expects to receive for transferring goods or services.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unearned Revenue

Liability created when cash is received before services or goods are delivered.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Principle vs Agent

Principle controls goods; agent facilitates transfer without ownership.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Franchise Royalties

Percentage of sales paid to franchisors for using their brand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revenue Allocation

Assigning the transaction price to various performance obligations in a contract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Convertible Debt

Debt that can be converted into equity at a future date at a predetermined price.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth Phase

Stage where product demand raises revenue and drives further investment for scale.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mature Phase

Revenue growth stabilizes, becomes predictable, and investment spending decreases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Operating Leverage

The ratio of fixed costs to total costs, affecting profit variability with sales changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interest Coverage Ratio

A measure of a company’s ability to pay interest based on its earnings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modigliani-Miller Proposition I

Proposes that capital structure doesn’t affect firm value in absence of taxes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tax Shield

The reduction in taxable income from interest expenses on debt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Optimal Capital Structure

The ideal mix of debt and equity financing that minimizes the cost of capital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Financial Distress Costs

Costs arising from uncertainty in meeting financial obligations, often linked to increased risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Firm Value with Taxes

Levered firms are more valuable than unlevered firms due to tax benefits from debt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth-related Capital Expenditures

Investments made to enhance a company's growth, including marketing and developing new products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Issuer Specific Factors

Company-specific aspects that impact borrowing, like sales stability and profitability risks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Value Proposition

The value proposition outlines who the customers are, what is offered, where it is offered, and the cost.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leasing

Leasing allows a person or business to use real estate or physical assets without ownership.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Licensing

Licensing enables a company to produce a product using another company’s brand for a fee.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Franchising

Franchising gives the right to sell a company's goods or services in a specific area, along with support.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Value Chain

The value chain refers to all the processes within a firm that create value for the customer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Supply Chain

The supply chain is the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a product.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Effects

Network effects occur when the value of a product increases as more people use it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

One-Sided Network

A one-sided network connects one type of user, like person-to-person communication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Two-Sided Network

A two-sided network connects two different user types, such as buyers and sellers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Franchise Model

In the franchise model, a franchisor grants rights to a franchisee to operate under its brand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Financial Statement Analysis

The process of analyzing a company's financial statements to assess its performance and position.

Signup and view all the flashcards

US GAAP

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles govern financial reporting in the U.S.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

A law that established oversight of financial reporting and auditing post-2002 for public companies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Securities Offering Registration

A registration statement for new issuers issuing new securities to the public.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Corporate Issuers

  • Forms of Businesses:
    • Sole Proprietorship: Owner provides capital, full management control, assumes financial return and risk; growth limited by financing access.
    • Partnerships: Multiple owners pool resources, share risk and return.
      • General Partnership: Each owner shares resources and risk; personal liability for losses.
      • Limited Partnership: At least one general partner (unlimited liability) manages; limited partners have limited liability and profits; taxed as pass-through.
      • Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): All partners have limited liability and share managerial responsibility.
    • Limited Companies: More financing and expertise for growth.
      • Private Limited Company: Similar to LLP, but limited liability for all owners; owners' interest = shares. Distinction between owners and managers (board of directors elected by owners, manage company); professional managers (CEO, CFO).
      • LLC, S corp (USA): Limited number of owners; voting required for ownership transfer; pass-through taxation.
    • Public Limited Company (Corporation): No limit on ownership or transfer; separation of ownership and management. High revenue; double taxation.
      • C-Corporation: Taxed at the business level and again on profits distributed to owners.
    • Investment Funds: Can be corporations or limited partnerships.
      • Corporation: Investors hold shares proportional to underlying assets' interest.
      • Limited Partnership: Investors hold partnership units representing proportionate underlying asset interest. Invest in financial instruments instead of operating assets.

Key Features of Corporate Issuers

  • Legal Identity: Separate from owners (articles of incorporation); treated as an individual (hire employees, enter contracts, sue/be sued, borrow/lend, invest, pay taxes).
  • Owner-Manager Separation: Shareholders vs. directors/managers (CEO). Directors/managers act in shareholders' best interest; shareholders' max risk = max investment.
  • External Financing: Purchasing shares makes one an owner. Financing through individuals, institutions (mutual funds, pension funds, banks), governments, non-profits, etc.
    • Equity: Shareholders receive dividends.
    • Debt: Bondholders (loans, leases) repaid with interest on a specified date. Contractual security, tradable on public exchanges.
  • Taxation: Corporation subject to tax authority; double taxation for shareholders. Reinvested profits benefit growth by avoiding double taxation.

Publicly vs Privately Owned Corporate Issuers

  • Public Corporation: Listed on an exchange; ownership transfer between investors, share issuance possible. Registration/disclosure requirements. Shares held widely or by a controlling owner.
  • Private Corporation: Unlisted; Ownership transfer harder; price negotiation, fewer shareholders, management accountable to fewer stakeholders; fewer regulations; share issuance in the primary market with longer holding periods; private placements (limited to qualified investors)

Going from Private to Public

  • Initial Public Offering (IPO): Must meet listing requirements, investment banks underwrite the new shares.
  • Direct Listing: No underwriting; existing shareholders' shares become public, price set by market.
  • Acquisition: Larger, public company buying the private one.
  • Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC): Exists to acquire a private company; raises capital, IPOs; proceeds held in trust, disbursed upon acquisition.

Going from Public to Private

  • Investors buy all outstanding shares, taking the company private; management changes, asset sales, restructuring; price above current share.

Investors and Other Stakeholders

  • Financial Claims: Lenders (debt) and shareholders (equity) have claims on company assets/cash flows.
  • Payments: Debt holders paid first; then shareholders, suppliers, employees, taxes (remainder).
  • Debt Financing: Less costly, finite claim on assets/cash flows, lower risk than equity; increasing debt = increased corporate risk for equity investor.
  • Tax Implications: Interest payments on debt are tax-deductible; dividends to shareholders are taxable.

Corporate Stakeholders and Governance

  • Stakeholders: Debt/equity investors, board of directors, managers, employees, customers, suppliers, governments, affected individuals/environment.
  • Shareholder vs Stakeholder Theory: Shareholder theory focuses on maximizing shareholder value; stakeholder theory considers all stakeholder interests.
  • ESG Considerations: Environmental, social, and governance criteria (important to directors/management); costs involved, difficulties in defining non-shareholder objectives, multiple objectives' complexity.

Corporate Governance: Conflicts, Mechanisms, Risks, and Benefits

  • Stakeholder Conflicts: Contractual and principal-agent relationships. Agency costs arise from the potential divergence of principal and agent interests; information asymmetry leads to higher risk premiums.
  • Shareholder, Director, and Manager Relationships: Divergence of interests due to insufficient effort, inappropriate risk appetite, empire-building, entrenchment, self-dealing.
  • Controlling and Minority Shareholder Relationships: Controlling shareholders (concentrated ownership) vs. minority shareholders (diversified portfolios); different interests, potentially different time horizons for decisions.
  • Shareholder vs Creditor Interests: Debtholders versus shareholders have different interests regarding leverage and distributions; conflicts can arise if the company is in financial distress.

Corporate Governance Mechanisms

  • Reporting/Transparency: Required for listed companies; potential for independent audits, bonds with trustees; shareholder meetings (annual, extraordinary); proxy voting, shareholder activism, shareholder litigation; corporate takeovers (proxy contests, tender offers).
  • Board and Management Mechanisms: Board committees (audit, nominating/governance, compensation). Employee mechanisms (labor laws, unions, contracts); customer/supplier mechanisms (contracts, social media); government mechanisms (laws, regulations, corporate governance codes).

Corporate Governance Risks and Benefits

  • Operational Risks: Weak control systems, ineffective decision making, inadequate scrutiny; better governance = better scrutiny and control, easier to align with shareholder interests, improved operational results.
  • Legal, Regulatory, and Reputational Risks: Poor governance can expose the company to legal, regulatory, or reputational risk; good reputation is valuable.
  • Financial Risks: Weak management of creditor interests, potential for default risk; improved governance reduces costs of debt and increases chances of credit rating upgrades.

Working Capital and Liquidity

  • Cash Conversion Cycle: Time between paying suppliers and receiving cash from customers.
  • Components: Days inventory on hand (DOH), days sales outstanding (DSO), days payable outstanding (DPO). Cash Conversion Cycle = DOH + DSO - DPO.
  • Shortening the Cycle: Reduce DOH (improve forecasting, negotiate with suppliers), reduce DSO (offer discounts, tightening credit standards), increase DPO (negotiate terms with suppliers).
  • Working Capital: Amount of working capital vs. sales (low is better).
  • Liquidity: Firm’s ability to meet short-term obligations from short-term assets.
  • Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio; higher ratios indicate better liquidity.
  • Liquidity Management: Maintain sufficient/diverse funding sources for peak seasonal/growth needs; ensure competitive financing rates.

Capital Investments and Capital Allocation

  • Capital Investments: Projects with a life of one year or longer; maintain/grow existing business, new lines of business, regulatory compliance.
  • Capital Allocation Process: Idea generation, investment analysis, planning/prioritization, monitoring/post-investment review.
  • Valuation Methods: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Return on Invested Capital (ROIC).
  • Real Options: The option to adjust a capital investment in the future, depending on changes in business or economic environment (timing, sizing, abandonment, growth).

Capital Structure

  • Cost of Capital: Issuer's required rate of return.
  • Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): Blends cost of debt and equity; used as r in NPV calculations.
  • Cost of Debt: Debt investors' required rate of return. (interest rate * (1 - tax rate)).
  • Cost of Equity: Equity investors' required rate of return.
  • Capital Structure: Mix of debt and equity.
  • Factors Affecting Capital Structure: Business model, stage of corporate life cycle, financial market conditions, industry conditions, issuer-specific factors (sales/profitability risk, leverage, interest coverage).
  • Modigliani-Miller Propositions: Capital structure irrelevance (no taxes), impact of taxes on capital structure.

Defining the Business Model

  • Business Model Features: Customers, market, products/services, channels, pricing, value proposition, organization & capabilities; examples include conventional, contract manufacturer, value-added reseller, licensing agreements, franchises.

Network Effects and Platform Business Models

  • Network Effects: Increased value of network to users as more users join.
  • Types: One-sided networks (user-to-user), two-sided networks (buyers and sellers), multi-sided networks (credit/debit cards).

Financial Statement Analysis

  • Scope of Financial Analysis: Used for investment, credit decisions, valuation, merger/acquisition evaluations, and financial position evaluations.
  • Information Sources: Regulatory filings (IFRS, US GAAP), company websites, analyst reports, industry news, social media.

Analyzing Income Statements

  • Revenue Recognition: Principles for Revenue Recognition
  • Expense Recognition: Principles for Expense Recognition. Matching principle.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser