Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary reason for Philip Morris's acquisition of 7-Up?
What was the primary reason for Philip Morris's acquisition of 7-Up?
What key factor contributed to Philip Morris's failure in the soft drink market?
What key factor contributed to Philip Morris's failure in the soft drink market?
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the tobacco/beer market and the soft drink market?
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the tobacco/beer market and the soft drink market?
How did the acquisition of 7-Up impact Philip Morris's overall performance?
How did the acquisition of 7-Up impact Philip Morris's overall performance?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the success of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in the soft drink market?
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the success of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in the soft drink market?
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Which company sold its margarine business to KKR in 2017?
Which company sold its margarine business to KKR in 2017?
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What year did IBM sell its PC division to Lenovo?
What year did IBM sell its PC division to Lenovo?
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Which of these companies is NOT listed in the provided content as having split into multiple companies?
Which of these companies is NOT listed in the provided content as having split into multiple companies?
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What is the primary focus of the new company that Sanofi is planning to list?
What is the primary focus of the new company that Sanofi is planning to list?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for companies to divest parts of their business?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for companies to divest parts of their business?
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Which of the following best summarizes the concept of a divestiture?
Which of the following best summarizes the concept of a divestiture?
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In 2020, IBM divested its ______ division.
In 2020, IBM divested its ______ division.
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What is the main difference between a divestiture and a company splitting into multiple companies?
What is the main difference between a divestiture and a company splitting into multiple companies?
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What is the median number of firms among the Forbes Top 500 list?
What is the median number of firms among the Forbes Top 500 list?
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What percentage of the Forbes Top 500 list had 6 or more firms?
What percentage of the Forbes Top 500 list had 6 or more firms?
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Which of the following is NOT a business development strategy mentioned in the 'Expansion Performance' section?
Which of the following is NOT a business development strategy mentioned in the 'Expansion Performance' section?
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What is 'horizontal expansion'?
What is 'horizontal expansion'?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason to expand a business according to the 'Key Takeaways' section?
Which of the following is NOT a reason to expand a business according to the 'Key Takeaways' section?
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What is the name of the University where the author Louis Mulotte teaches?
What is the name of the University where the author Louis Mulotte teaches?
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What is the general focus of the content presented?
What is the general focus of the content presented?
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What is the main purpose of the table in Section 1 of the content?
What is the main purpose of the table in Section 1 of the content?
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What is the maximum number of students that can choose the same firm for their team project?
What is the maximum number of students that can choose the same firm for their team project?
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What is the deadline for selecting a firm for the team project?
What is the deadline for selecting a firm for the team project?
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Which of the following firms should be avoided for the team project?
Which of the following firms should be avoided for the team project?
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What is the URL to find additional guidelines for the team project?
What is the URL to find additional guidelines for the team project?
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What is the key element addressed by corporate strategy?
What is the key element addressed by corporate strategy?
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Which of the following is NOT a question addressed by corporate strategy?
Which of the following is NOT a question addressed by corporate strategy?
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What is the main source used to support the statement about corporate strategy?
What is the main source used to support the statement about corporate strategy?
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Which of the following is NOT a question addressed by corporate strategy related to expansion?
Which of the following is NOT a question addressed by corporate strategy related to expansion?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a bolt-on acquisition aiming to increase revenue?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a bolt-on acquisition aiming to increase revenue?
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What is the main difference between 'Catch-up Acquisitions' and 'Bolt-on Acquisitions'?
What is the main difference between 'Catch-up Acquisitions' and 'Bolt-on Acquisitions'?
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Which of the following acquisitions represents a horizontal expansion?
Which of the following acquisitions represents a horizontal expansion?
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What is the primary reason behind the term 'Christmas tree' being used in the context of mergers and acquisitions?
What is the primary reason behind the term 'Christmas tree' being used in the context of mergers and acquisitions?
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What is the main objective of 'Bolt-on acquisitions' aiming to decrease costs?
What is the main objective of 'Bolt-on acquisitions' aiming to decrease costs?
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What is a significant characteristic of 'Transformation acquisitions' as described in the content?
What is a significant characteristic of 'Transformation acquisitions' as described in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a "Catch-up Acquisition"?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a "Catch-up Acquisition"?
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Why does the content mention 'no real synergies' associated with certain acquisitions?
Why does the content mention 'no real synergies' associated with certain acquisitions?
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Based on the provided content, what is the main purpose of 'M&As and Corporate Strategy'?
Based on the provided content, what is the main purpose of 'M&As and Corporate Strategy'?
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Which of the following is a valid example of a 'Catch-up Acquisition' as presented in the content?
Which of the following is a valid example of a 'Catch-up Acquisition' as presented in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a business development strategy that can lead to increased bargaining power on input suppliers?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a business development strategy that can lead to increased bargaining power on input suppliers?
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Which of the following is an example of a vertical expansion strategy?
Which of the following is an example of a vertical expansion strategy?
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What is the primary benefit of eliminating costly frictions between stages of the value chain?
What is the primary benefit of eliminating costly frictions between stages of the value chain?
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How do scope economies contribute to decreased production costs?
How do scope economies contribute to decreased production costs?
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Which of the following is an example of a business development strategy that can lead to a price premium?
Which of the following is an example of a business development strategy that can lead to a price premium?
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What is the key difference between horizontal and vertical expansion?
What is the key difference between horizontal and vertical expansion?
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How can a company achieve a price premium through a reputational effect?
How can a company achieve a price premium through a reputational effect?
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Which of the following is an example of an intangible asset that can contribute to a price premium?
Which of the following is an example of an intangible asset that can contribute to a price premium?
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How can a company achieve a sales premium through an upselling strategy?
How can a company achieve a sales premium through an upselling strategy?
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Why is a company's reputation important in achieving a price premium?
Why is a company's reputation important in achieving a price premium?
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What is the relationship between scale economies and decreased production costs?
What is the relationship between scale economies and decreased production costs?
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How can a company achieve a price premium through the elimination of market failures in downstream areas?
How can a company achieve a price premium through the elimination of market failures in downstream areas?
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Which of the following is an example of a business development strategy that can lead to decreased input costs?
Which of the following is an example of a business development strategy that can lead to decreased input costs?
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How can a company differentiate itself from competitors through intangible assets?
How can a company differentiate itself from competitors through intangible assets?
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What is the primary benefit of increased bargaining power on input suppliers?
What is the primary benefit of increased bargaining power on input suppliers?
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Which of the following is an example of a vertical expansion strategy that can lead to a price premium?
Which of the following is an example of a vertical expansion strategy that can lead to a price premium?
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Flashcards
Median Firms on Forbes Top 500
Median Firms on Forbes Top 500
The middle value of firms that are among the Forbes Top 500 list, which is less than 2.
Mean Firms on Forbes Top 500
Mean Firms on Forbes Top 500
The average number of businesses in the Forbes Top 500, which is 2.72.
Percent of Total for 1 Firm
Percent of Total for 1 Firm
1 firm makes up 29% of the total in the Forbes list.
Vertical Expansion
Vertical Expansion
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Horizontal Expansion
Horizontal Expansion
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International Development
International Development
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Reasons to Expand
Reasons to Expand
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Methods of Expansion
Methods of Expansion
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Intangibles
Intangibles
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Price Premium
Price Premium
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Market Power
Market Power
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Upselling
Upselling
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WTP (Willingness to Pay)
WTP (Willingness to Pay)
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X-selling (Cross-selling)
X-selling (Cross-selling)
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Reputation Effects
Reputation Effects
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Scope Economies
Scope Economies
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Scale Economies
Scale Economies
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Input Suppliers
Input Suppliers
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Fixed Costs
Fixed Costs
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Production Costs
Production Costs
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Input Costs
Input Costs
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Market Failures
Market Failures
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Value Chain
Value Chain
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Market Share Increase
Market Share Increase
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Acquisition of 7-Up
Acquisition of 7-Up
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Marketing Investment
Marketing Investment
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Consumer Base Similarities
Consumer Base Similarities
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Stagnation of Market Share
Stagnation of Market Share
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Corporate Strategy
Corporate Strategy
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Value Creation
Value Creation
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Diversified Firm
Diversified Firm
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Expansion Moves
Expansion Moves
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Corporate Assets
Corporate Assets
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Business Organization
Business Organization
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Expansion Modes
Expansion Modes
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Corporate Benefits
Corporate Benefits
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Bolt-on acquisitions
Bolt-on acquisitions
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Decrease costs via consolidation
Decrease costs via consolidation
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Increase revenues via consolidation
Increase revenues via consolidation
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Catch-up acquisitions
Catch-up acquisitions
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Example of catch-up acquisition
Example of catch-up acquisition
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Transformation acquisitions
Transformation acquisitions
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Microsoft's acquisition of LinkedIn
Microsoft's acquisition of LinkedIn
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Coca-Cola’s acquisition of Costa Coffee
Coca-Cola’s acquisition of Costa Coffee
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Google's acquisition of Android
Google's acquisition of Android
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J&J Company Split
J&J Company Split
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GE Breakup
GE Breakup
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PepsiCo Juice Sale
PepsiCo Juice Sale
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Kellogg's Restructuring
Kellogg's Restructuring
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Sanofi Consumer Listing
Sanofi Consumer Listing
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Legacy Divestitures
Legacy Divestitures
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Unilever Margarine Sale
Unilever Margarine Sale
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IBM's Server Division Sale
IBM's Server Division Sale
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Study Notes
International Corporate Strategy
- This is a course offered by ESCP Europe in 2025.
- Instructor: Louis Mulotte, Tilburg University.
Team Project
- Students must select a firm.
- Firm selection must be done via a provided URL. (https://go.uvt.nl/escp2025)
- Do not pick a company previously studied in the course.
- Firm chosen should be diversified.
- Deadline for firm selection: Saturday, January 18th, noon.
What is Corporate Strategy?
- Corporate strategy is about creating added value across multiple businesses (products and markets).
- It's important to consider if there are limits to such value creation.
- Key aspects include how to develop and organize businesses to maximize value creation.
Puzzle
- A cartoon depicts a business meeting about reviewing corporate strategy.
Real Examples
- Various company logos are displayed (Frito Lay, Bouygues, TFI).
What is Corporate Strategy About?
- Diagrams show interconnected concepts regarding value creation across businesses and potential limits.
And so, what?
- A pie chart depicts the sources of profitability (corporate level 20%, industry 3%, other 27%, and business level 40%).
What is Corporate Strategy About? (2)
- Diagrams illustrate aspects of corporate strategy, including expansion moves, activities, and benefits.
Where?
- Diagram illustrating the different types of expansion in relation to business development.
- Horizontal expansion (combining with existing activities and varying degrees of relatedness).
- Vertical expansion (producing activities previously outsourced).
- Business development (increasing activities already performed).
ABC Types
- Luxottica (Italy) and Essilor (France) have a €46 billion deal to create a global eyewear powerhouse.
- The deal includes eyewear brands like Oakley and Ray Ban.
- Essilor is a leading manufacturer of ophthalmic lenses.
- British American Tobacco agreed a $50 billion takeover of Reynolds American, creating the world's largest listed tobacco company.
- Safran (France) launched a €10 billion bid for aircraft seat manufacturer Zodiac Aerospace.
How?
- Explains different methods of expansion:
- Build (Greenfields, corporate venturing, internal development, internal/organic growth)
- Blend (Alliances & JVs, equity sharing, technology partnerships)
- Buy (Mergers, acquisitions, takeovers)
The 'corporate expansion matrix'
- A matrix detailing possible expansion paths (same/different business, upstream/downstream activities) and expansion modes (Build, Blend, Buy).
- Examples are given to illustrate each cell of the matrix.
Why?
- Diagrams illustrate various reasons for acquisitions based on cost and revenue synergies. There are also other sources of synergy.
The grand challenge!
- Includes various factors that relate to cost input or output, for example poor strategy, production costs, or revenue.
Logics for Corporate Growth
- Table showing various expansion strategies, including scenarios for achieving input cost reductions, production cost reductions, or increased revenues.
ABC Synergies
- Italy's Luxottica and France's Essilor (eyeglasses) combined.
- British American Tobacco acquired Reynolds American.
- Safran agreed to acquire Zodiac Aerospace.
Horizontal Expansion: Net effect
- Graph depicting the relationship between coordination costs, synergistic gains, and the number of businesses.
Average Number of Businesses
- Data on the diversification of US public companies. The median and mean number of businesses is provided.
Expansion Performance
- Matrix describing different ways to expand a business and the relative success of each method (Build, Blend, Buy)
Key takeaways
- An overview of where to expand a business (Business Development, Vertical Expansion, Horizontal Expansion).
- Ways to expand (Build, Blend & Buy).
- Reasons for expansion (Lower input cost, Lower production cost, Higher revenues).
M&As and Corporate Strategy (2024 Slide)
- This slide is part of a lecture on Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) and Corporate Strategy
International Corporate Strategy (2025 Slide)
- This slide is part of a lecture on International Corporate Strategy.
Vertical Acquisitions
- Focuses on acquisitions related to vertical integration.
Terminology
- Defines Backward Vertical Expansion and Forward Vertical Expansion.
Examples (Backward/Forward Vertical Expansion)
- Lists acquisition and growth examples (e.g., Apple acquiring Beats, Microsoft entering hardware).
The 'corporate expansion matrix' (2)
- A matrix illustrating different expansion paths.
Logics for Corporate Growth (2)
- Overview of how expansion strategies can lead to cost reduction and increasing revenues, from different perspectives.
Decreasing input cost via (backward) VE
- Discusses decreasing input costs through backward vertical expansion (acquiring inputs to reduce production costs).
Factors driving market failures
- Expands on the concept of transactions cost economics and market failures.
Printing or not Printing?
- Presents a case about deciding between vertical expansion or outsourcing for a publishing company.
- Discusses scenarios for newspapers and magazines.
- Highlights evaluating market failure risk when choosing an option.
Market failures
- Table illustrating the risk of market failures associated with printing newspapers or magazines.
- Suggests the best way to proceed.
Inputs also refer to financial resources
- Discusses challenges businesses face in obtaining sufficient financial resources, especially in inefficient capital markets.
Decreasing production cost via VE
- Explains how vertical expansion (VE) can be used to reduce production costs by coordinating across stages in the value chain.
Fast fashion
- An example illustrating Zara’s, American Apparel’s and Benetton’s fast fashion strategies. This involved rapid production and distribution to maintain high volumes and consumer demand.
Increasing revenues via VE
- Explaining how vertical expansion can increase revenues via price and sales premiums, or by boosting brand reputation.
Reputation
- Discusses how Microsoft's reputation in software bolstered revenues in related fields.
Outsourcing vs vertical integration
- Comparing outsourcing and vertical integration in terms of advantages (achieving coordination economies, and maximizing revenues).
Expansion Performance
- Discusses the different types of businesses and their suitability for expansion.
Timeline
- A graphical representation of the phases involved in an acquisition process, such as pre-acquisition negotiations, due diligence, and completing a deal.
Reasons for failures // pitfalls
- Highlights the factors that cause acquisition failures, including poor strategy, execution, and post-closing implementation.
Financial Markets Reactions
- Explains financial market reactions to various types of announcements about acquisitions. Acquisitions are usually seen positively.
Short-Term M&A performance
- Shows short-term stock performance (acquiring and target firms).
Long-term M&A performance
- Illustrates the relationship between firm performance in acquisitions and organic growth. Higher organic growth usually implies better long-term performance.
Perceived M&A performance
- Shows the frequency of M&A success in achieving stated revenues and costs savings. Performance is often disappointing.
Reasons for failures // pitfalls (2)
- Displays potential pitfalls in the M&A process (e.g., wrong candidate, integration problems, poor deal timing).
- This slide also describes the reasons that acquisition performance is often poor.
Timeline (2)
- A graph displaying the different stages and timeframes of acquisitions.
Reasons for failures // pitfalls (3/4)
- Lists the different reasons for M&A failure, divided into the pre-closing, execution, and post-closing phases.
Insights from Academic Research
- Highlights the importance of the Resource Gap in corporate expansion (Build, Blend, Buy).
The “Christmas tree”
- A graphical representation in a tree-like format.
Why Acquiring? Catch-up Acquisitions
- Explains the different types of acquisitions, especially with regards to “doing better things” vs. “doing better”.
Bold-on Acquisitions
- Categorizes acquisitions based on the aim to decrease costs, or increase revenues.
Catch-up Acquisitions
- Focuses on Apple’s acquisition strategies connected to their expansion in music and TV streaming options.
Transformation acquisitions
- Classifies transformations based on whether the expansion is in Business Development, Vertical expansion or in Horizontal expansion. No real synergies were often found.
The "Christmas tree" (2)
- Another representation of “Christmas tree” in a visual graphic.
M&A Implementation
- Information about post-merger integration.
Post Merger Integration (PMI)
- Importance of operational interdependence between the target and acquiring firms and the need for decision-making autonomy in acquisitions.
More about Holding
- Explains and includes information about private equity, corporate venture capital and internal markets in acquisitions.
Post Merger Integration (PMI) (2)
- Describes strategies to deal with post-merger integration, including ways to handle different degrees of operational interdependence, and boundary protection. Different levels of need for autonomy, and potential operational interdependence are highlighted.
Post Merger Integration (PMI) (3)
- Focuses on the different ways to deal with the problems that arise in successful integration.
Expansion Trajectories
- Examines the effects of experience and causal ambiguity on subsequent expansion performance.
Experiential Learning
- Explains how experiential learning and causal ambiguity can affect firm performance.
Causal ambiguity
- Explains the concept of causal ambiguity with respect to experience and learning: showing that there is often a lack of clarity about past events or situations, which can lead to poor outcomes.
Can experience harm performance?
- Explains how lack of clarity, or causal ambiguity, can decrease subsequent performance.
The 'Experiential Learning' Matrix
- Explains different perspectives on experience as it relates to a firm’s expansion or acquisition decisions.
Impact of experience in M&As
- Highlights the complexities and dissimilarities involved in M&As.
Philip Morris expansion – Step 1
- Discusses the early expansion of Philip Morris into the US Tobacco market.
Philip Morris expansion – Step 2
- Describes PM's expansion into the beer market.
Philip Morris expansion – Step 3
- Discusses PM's entry into the soft drink market via the acquisition of 7-Up.
Philip Morris: So, what happened?
- Discusses why Philip Morris's expansion strategy was less successful in some markets.
Misleading experience: PM
- Explains why PM's expansion experienced failures by explaining the different types of performance and their relation to the success or failures they experienced. This also touches upon the importance of experience and similarities or dissimilarities.
What does the "PM Case" tell us?
- Provides key lessons from the Philip Morris case, including issues with overemphasizing surface similarities in markets, and the impact of causal ambiguity on acquisition performance.
Divestitures
- Overview of divesture strategies.
The Corporate Strategy's missing link
- Highlights the impact of divestment announcements on stock prices.
Types of divestitures
- Explains different categories of divestitures (horizontal, and vertical).
Nestle corporate strategy
- Provides examples of Nestle's divesture actions, and strategy, which are examples of the different divestment strategies highlighted.
17 February 2021 Nestlé
- Provides details on a particular divesture action taken.
Nestle's core transformation
- Timeline of acquisitions and divestures by Nestle.
Divestitures. More examples
- Lists various divestitures taken by different companies (J&J, GE, PepsiCo, Kellogg, Sanofi).
Legacy divestitures
- Explains divestitures of mature businesses that do not align with the company's current strategy.
IBM announcement of the divestiture of its server division
- Shows the stock price reaction to IBM's divestiture announcement.
Combining corporate development activities
- Presents a model for integrating internal growth and external growth activities to create a holistic strategy.
The "Transformation Path"
- Outlines a "transformation path" using acquisitions as a means for changing strategy, capabilities, and improving performance in a business.
Performance (M&As & Divestitures)
- Shows comparative performance data for internal growth, divestitures, and acquisitions.
Optimal growth trajectory
- Presents a model for optimizing organizational growth via different strategies (internal or acquisitions driven).
M&As and Corporate Strategy (2024) (2)
- This slide presents more information on mergers and acquisitions, and their strategies.
M&A Implementation (2)
- Discusses the process after a merger takes place and strategies for successful implementation, which involves, for example, post-merger integration
Post Merger Integration (PMI) (4)
- Categorizes factors to be considered when integrating an acquired firm. These factors vary by whether they are "preservation", "holding", "symbiosis" or "absorption" strategies. These factors include: Need for decision-making autonomy, and potential operational interdependence.
More about Holding (2)
- Describes specific types of holding mechanisms like private equity or corporate venture capital.
Post Merger Integration (PMI) (5)
- Further exploration of the factors involved in successful post-merger integration (PMI).
Post Merger Integration (PMI) (6)
- Emphasizes the importance of keeping the source of the benefits or capabilities intact; focusing on how to maintain successful operations while preserving previous methods.
Post Merger Integration (PMI) (7/8/9)
- Discusses the most complex elements of post-merger integration and strategies for improving success that are tailored to the different models displayed.
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Description
Test your knowledge on major business acquisitions and divestitures, focusing on key events involving Philip Morris, IBM, and other notable companies. This quiz covers reasons for acquisitions, market performance impacts, and distinguishing factors in various industries. Challenge yourself to understand the dynamics of corporate strategy.