Podcast
Questions and Answers
What factors are considered when calculating population statistics?
What factors are considered when calculating population statistics?
In what context is individual age important for population calculations?
In what context is individual age important for population calculations?
Which statement best describes the role of population growth data?
Which statement best describes the role of population growth data?
What aspect is NOT typically analyzed in relation to population statistics?
What aspect is NOT typically analyzed in relation to population statistics?
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What timeframe is critical for calculating demographic changes?
What timeframe is critical for calculating demographic changes?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as an oral disorder?
Which of the following is NOT classified as an oral disorder?
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What condition refers to the total loss of teeth?
What condition refers to the total loss of teeth?
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Which of the following best describes the group of disorders called oral disorders?
Which of the following best describes the group of disorders called oral disorders?
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Which type of tooth decay is included in oral disorders?
Which type of tooth decay is included in oral disorders?
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Chronic periodontal diseases primarily affect which part of the mouth?
Chronic periodontal diseases primarily affect which part of the mouth?
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What was the percentage decrease in the age-standardized prevalence of caries in permanent teeth?
What was the percentage decrease in the age-standardized prevalence of caries in permanent teeth?
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Which region had the highest percentage contribution to the changes in the number of caries cases?
Which region had the highest percentage contribution to the changes in the number of caries cases?
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What was the percentage contribution of population growth to deciduous teeth caries cases?
What was the percentage contribution of population growth to deciduous teeth caries cases?
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What percentage decrease was observed in the age-standardized prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth?
What percentage decrease was observed in the age-standardized prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth?
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What overall trend was observed regarding the prevalence of caries?
What overall trend was observed regarding the prevalence of caries?
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What does the incidence rate specifically measure?
What does the incidence rate specifically measure?
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Which statement about the incidence rate is true?
Which statement about the incidence rate is true?
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When considering incidence rate, which element is NOT directly involved?
When considering incidence rate, which element is NOT directly involved?
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For a disease to have its incidence rate calculated, what is necessary?
For a disease to have its incidence rate calculated, what is necessary?
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Which factor does NOT affect the calculation of incidence rate?
Which factor does NOT affect the calculation of incidence rate?
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How many years lived with disability (YLDs) were caused by caries of permanent teeth globally in 2019?
How many years lived with disability (YLDs) were caused by caries of permanent teeth globally in 2019?
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In terms of prevalence among Level 4 causes, where did caries of permanent teeth rank globally in 2019?
In terms of prevalence among Level 4 causes, where did caries of permanent teeth rank globally in 2019?
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What was the number of prevalent cases of caries of permanent teeth globally in 2019?
What was the number of prevalent cases of caries of permanent teeth globally in 2019?
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How did caries of permanent teeth rank globally for incidence among all Level 4 causes in 2019?
How did caries of permanent teeth rank globally for incidence among all Level 4 causes in 2019?
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What was the total number of incident cases of caries of permanent teeth in 2019?
What was the total number of incident cases of caries of permanent teeth in 2019?
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What common risk factors do oral diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) share?
What common risk factors do oral diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) share?
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Which of the following statements about the impact of oral diseases is true?
Which of the following statements about the impact of oral diseases is true?
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Which lifestyle choice is associated with both oral diseases and NCDs?
Which lifestyle choice is associated with both oral diseases and NCDs?
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What can be inferred about tobacco use in relation to oral diseases?
What can be inferred about tobacco use in relation to oral diseases?
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In discussing oral health, which food consumption is generally seen as a risk factor?
In discussing oral health, which food consumption is generally seen as a risk factor?
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Study Notes
Burden of Oral and Dental Diseases
- Untreated tooth decay affects 34% of the global population.
- The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study examined 286 causes of death, 369 diseases & injuries, and 87 risk factors.
- Disease burden is measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). One DALY represents one lost year of healthy life.
- Oral disorders are among the top causes of disability worldwide.
- Global oral diseases affect approximately 3.5 billion people.
- Two billion people have caries in their permanent teeth, and 520 million children have caries in their primary teeth.
Measurements of Burden of Disease
- Incidence rate: The number of new cases within a defined population during a specific time period.
- Prevalence: The total number of individuals with an attribute or disease at a particular time or during a period, divided by the population at risk.
- Life expectancy: The average number of years a member of a group is expected to live.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
- DALYs measure the overall health burden due to premature mortality or disability
- YLL (Years of Life Lost) – The number of deaths at various ages multiplied by the expected future life expectancy.
- YLD (Years Lived with Disability) – The number of incident cases multiplied by the average disease duration and severity scoring.
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
- HALE estimates the average number of years a newborn is expected to live in full health, based on current rates of ill-health and mortality.
Assessment of Risk Factors in the GBD
- The GBD uses a three-level hierarchical system for risk factors:
- Level 1: Clusters of risk factors with shared mechanisms.
- Level 2: Major risk factors within clusters.
- Level 3 (and 4): More detailed subdivisions, with Level 4 being the most detailed.
GBD Classification of Oral Diseases
- GBD categorises disease causes into a four-level hierarchy.
- Level 1 combines aggregates including non-communicable, and infectious diseases.
- Level 2 groups these into disease and injury aggregates.
- Level 3 provides more specific causes such as tuberculosis and road injuries.
Oral Disorders - Level 3 Cause
- In 2019, Oral Disorders were the 10th major cause of disability globally with 23.1 million YLDs.
- For the same year, these disorders ranked 1st and 3rd for prevalence(3.48 billion cases) and incidence (4.35 billion cases).
- These disorders cover caries of teeth (deciduous and permanent), chronic periodontal diseases, edentulism (total tooth loss).
Dental Caries - Level 4 Cause
- Dental caries of permanent teeth, in 2019, caused 2 million YLDs and ranked 1st and 3rd in terms of global prevalence and incidence.
Chronic Periodontitis - Level 4 Cause
- Chronic periodontal disease caused 7.09 million YLDs globally in 2019, also ranked 7th and 32nd for prevalence and incidence.
- This disease is caused by chronic bacterial infections around the teeth.
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer - Level 3 Cause
- In 2019, there were almost 6 million DALYs due to lip and oral cavity cancer
- Malignant neoplasms (tumours) of the lips, base of the tongue, mouth, palate, and salivary glands were classified under this category.
Orofacial Clefts - Level 4 Cause
- Orofacial clefts are birth defects that cause the face tissues not to fuse properly during fetal development.
- The incidence of combined cleft lip and palate was 1.42 per 1000 livebirths.
- There were over 4.62 million cases in 2019.
Edentulism - Level 4 Cause
- Edentulism, total tooth loss, was the 22nd cause of global disability in 2019.
- There were over 9 million YLDs and 352 million prevalent cases, as well as 25.0 million incident cases in 2019.
Oro-Dental Trauma
- Oro-dental trauma results from injuries to the teeth, mouth and oral cavity.
- Around 20% of people experience some form of dental trauma in their lifetimes.
- Oro-dental trauma can be caused by several factors including poor dental alignment and environmental influence.
Oral Health Inequalities
- Oral diseases disproportionately affect people in poverty and marginalized communities.
- There is a strong link between socioeconomic status and oral health.
- This association affects populations all over the globe, including high-, middle-, and low-income countries.
Access to Oral Health Services
- Unequal distribution of dental professionals, and poor equipment access impacts oral healthcare access.
- Out-of-pocket costs, and lack of affordable options are significant barriers to care.
- These factors can create hardship for many individuals, particularly in developing countries.
WHO Response
- A WHO resolution on oral health was adopted in 2021 to promote prevention over treatment.
- This resolution emphasizes the importance of integration with broader health promotion strategies.
- These changes are designed to improve the general health and well-being.
Other Findings
- The study also shows a decrease in the age-standardized prevalence of cavities in permanent and deciduous teeth.
- Population growth has significantly influenced the number of caries cases, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Socioeconomic inequality accounts for a considerable portion of the prevalent cases of caries.
Conclusion
- Oral diseases are a significant global public health issue, despite being neglected in strategies and policies.
- Integration of oral health into the general healthcare system is essential for better health and well-being.
- Future strategies must prioritize health promotion and prevention to control modifiable risks globally.
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Description
Explore the significant impact of oral and dental diseases on global health. This quiz delves into data from the Global Burden of Disease study, highlighting figures such as untreated tooth decay and its prevalence. Test your understanding of disease burden measurements and their implications.
