45 Questions
What is the unit of density of distilled water at a specific temperature?
g/cm³
What is the formula to calculate the specific gravity (Gs)?
Gs = ρs / ρw
What is porosity (η) defined as?
The percentage of the pores volume to the total volume
What is the formula to calculate the voids ratio (e)?
e = Vv / Vs
What is moisture content (m) expressed as?
Percentage of the weight of water to the weight of solid material
What is the degree of saturation (s) expressed as?
Percentage of the volume of water in the voids to the total volume of voids
What is water absorption expressed as?
Percentage of the weight of water to the weight of dry material
What is the mechanical behavior of materials related to?
External loads
What is the unit of γw?
kN/m³
What type of materials are classified as structural materials?
Materials that are mainly used to resist loads
What is the formula for calculating the density of a material?
ρ = M / V
What is the unit of apparent density?
Kg/m3
What is bulk density?
The dry mass per unit volume of a substance under the conditions that powdery or granular materials are packed
What is the unit of unit weight?
N/m3
What is the relationship between unit weight and apparent density?
𝛾 = 𝜌
What is the formula for calculating the apparent density?
M / V°
What is the formula for calculating the bulk density?
M / Vb
What type of materials are classified as non-structural materials?
Materials that are not designed to carry loads
What is Elongation (e %) in a material?
The largest amount of elongation at failure or the ratio between the amount of the resulting elongation at failure and original length
What is the formula to calculate longitudinal strain?
ΔL / Lo
What is the formula to calculate lateral strain?
ΔY / Yo
What happens to the cross section of a material in the axial tension test?
It decreases in the lateral direction
What is Poisson's ratio (V)?
The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain
What is the theoretical range of Poisson's ratio?
0.0 to 0.5
What is a characteristic of a linear material?
Its stress-strain relation follows a straight line
What is a characteristic of an elastic material?
It returns to its original shape when the load is removed
What happens to the cross section of a material in the axial compression test?
It increases in the lateral direction
What is the primary characteristic of a material exhibiting linear elastic behavior?
The strain will proportionally increase with increased stress.
What happens to the deformation of a material when the load is removed?
Some of the deformation will be recovered and some will remain.
What type of material is characterized by the ability to recover part of the changes in its shape after the removal of the loading?
Elasto-plastic material
What is the unit of stress in the given table?
MPa
What is the purpose of drawing a stress-strain curve?
To visualize the relationship between stress and strain
What is the initial gauge length of the rod in Example 2?
100 mm
What is the yield strength of the aluminum alloy in Example 2?
150 MPA
What is the type of material that exhibits plastic response from the beginning of applying stress?
Plastic material
What is the characteristic of a material that exhibits strain hardening?
The strain will increase with increased stress
What is fire resistance in building materials?
The ability to resist the action of high temperature without deformation
What is the ability of a material to resist the action of acids, alkalis, seawater, and gases?
Chemical resistance
What is durability in building materials?
The ability to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors
What is hardness in building materials?
The property of a material to resist pressing-in or scratch of a sharp object
What does abrasive resistance refer to?
The capacity of a material to resist abrasion
What is the formula to calculate the abrasion ratio?
N = (m1 - m2)/A
What is the unit of abrasion ratio?
gm/cm2
What does m1 represent in the formula for abrasion ratio?
Mass before abrasion
What does A represent in the formula for abrasion ratio?
Abrasive area
Study Notes
Classification of Building Materials
- Building materials can be classified into two categories:
- Structural materials: used to resist loads, such as reinforced concrete and steel
- Nonstructural materials: not designed to carry loads, such as brick or wood partitions
Physical Properties of Building Materials
- Density (ρ): mass per unit volume of a material
- Calculated by: ρ = M / V
- Unit: g/cm3
- Apparent Density (ρ0): dry mass per unit volume of a substance under natural conditions
- Calculated by: ρ0 = M / V°
- Unit: Kg/m3
- Bulk Density (ρb): dry mass per unit volume of a substance under packing conditions
- Calculated by: ρb = M / Vb
- Unit: Kg/m3
- Unit Weight (𝛾): weight per unit volume of a material
- Calculated by: 𝛾 = W / V or 𝛾 = ρ°g
- Unit: N/m3
- Specific Gravity (Gs): ratio of the density of a solid material to the density of distilled water
- Calculated by: Gs = ρs / ρw or Gs = γs / γw
- Porosity (η): percentage of the pores volume to the total volume
- Calculated by: η = Vv / V
- Voids Ratio (e): ratio of the volumes of voids to the volume of solid material
- Calculated by: e = Vv / Vs
- Moisture Content (m): percentage ratio of the weight of water in the voids to the weight of solid material
- Calculated by: m% = (Mw / Ms) × 100%
- Degree of Saturation (s): percentage ratio of the volumes of water in the voids to the total volume of voids
- Calculated by: s% = (Vw / Vv) × 100%
- Water Absorption: ability of the material to absorb and retain water
- Calculated by: Ww% = ((Ms - Md) / Md) × 100%
Mechanical Properties of Materials
- Mechanical behavior: response of the material to external loads
- Elongation (e%): largest amount of elongation at failure or the ratio between the amount of elongation and original length
- Calculated by: e% = (ΔL / L) × 100%
- Longitudinal Strain (εL): calculated by dividing the total deformation of the dimension parallel to the direction of applied force by the original dimension
- Calculated by: εL = ΔL / Lo
- Lateral Strain (εa): calculated by dividing the total deformation of the dimension vertical to the direction of applied force by the original dimension
- Calculated by: εa = ΔY / Yo
- Poisson's Ratio (V): ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain
- Calculated by: V = εa / εL
- Linearity: stress-strain relation follows a straight line
- Elasticity: material returns to its original shape when the load is removed and reacts instantaneously to changes in load
- Elasto-plastic materials: exhibit linear elastic behavior followed by plastic response
- Stress-strain curve: graphical representation of the stress and strain relationship
Fire Resistance, Chemical Resistance, and Durability
- Fire Resistance: ability of a material to resist the action of high temperature without deformation and loss of strength
- Chemical Resistance: ability of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis, seawater, and gases
- Durability: ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors
Hardness and Abrasive Resistance
- Hardness: property of a material to resist pressing-in or scratch of a sharp object
- Abrasive Resistance: capacity of a material to resist abrasion
- Calculated by: N = (m1 - m2) / A
- Unit: gm/cm2
Quiz on classification of building materials, including structural materials, finishing materials, and others, in the context of civil engineering.
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