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Questions and Answers
What is the unit of Young's modulus?
What is the unit of Young's modulus?
- Pa
- KN/mm
- N/mm² (correct)
- mm/N
What happens to the shape of an elastic material when the load is removed?
What happens to the shape of an elastic material when the load is removed?
- It changes shape permanently
- It remains deformed
- It breaks
- It recovers its original shape (correct)
What is the proportional constant between normal stress and normal strain called?
What is the proportional constant between normal stress and normal strain called?
- Young's modulus (correct)
- Stress-strain ratio
- Poisson's ratio
- Modulus of elasticity
What is the purpose of structural materials in building construction?
What is the purpose of structural materials in building construction?
What is the characteristic of a material with a high Young's modulus?
What is the characteristic of a material with a high Young's modulus?
What is the unit of measurement for density?
What is the unit of measurement for density?
Which of the following is an example of a plastic material?
Which of the following is an example of a plastic material?
What is the formula for calculating apparent density?
What is the formula for calculating apparent density?
What is the formula to calculate Young's modulus?
What is the formula to calculate Young's modulus?
What is the difference between density and apparent density?
What is the difference between density and apparent density?
What is the effect of applying a tensile stress on the diameter of a steel bar?
What is the effect of applying a tensile stress on the diameter of a steel bar?
What is the effect of applying a tensile stress on the distance between two points on a steel bar?
What is the effect of applying a tensile stress on the distance between two points on a steel bar?
What is bulk density used to describe?
What is bulk density used to describe?
What is the characteristic of a material with a low Poisson's ratio?
What is the characteristic of a material with a low Poisson's ratio?
What is the unit of measurement for unit weight?
What is the unit of measurement for unit weight?
What is the formula for calculating unit weight?
What is the formula for calculating unit weight?
What is the relationship between unit weight and density?
What is the relationship between unit weight and density?
What is the purpose of nonstructural materials in building construction?
What is the purpose of nonstructural materials in building construction?
What is the ability of a material to resist the action of high temperature without any appreciable deformation and substantial loss of strength?
What is the ability of a material to resist the action of high temperature without any appreciable deformation and substantial loss of strength?
What is the ability of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis, seawater and gases?
What is the ability of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis, seawater and gases?
What is the primary characteristic that thermal conductivity of a material indicates?
What is the primary characteristic that thermal conductivity of a material indicates?
What is the property of a material to resist pressing-in or scratch of a sharp object?
What is the property of a material to resist pressing-in or scratch of a sharp object?
What is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity?
What is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity?
What is the formula to calculate the abrasion ratio?
What is the formula to calculate the abrasion ratio?
What is the term for the ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors?
What is the term for the ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors?
What is the term for the amount of expansion per unit length due to one unit of temperature increase?
What is the term for the amount of expansion per unit length due to one unit of temperature increase?
What is the unit of the abrasion ratio?
What is the unit of the abrasion ratio?
Why are joints used in buildings, bridges, and concrete pavements?
Why are joints used in buildings, bridges, and concrete pavements?
What is the likely consequence of steel and concrete having different coefficients of thermal expansion?
What is the likely consequence of steel and concrete having different coefficients of thermal expansion?
What is the term for the ability of a material to resist abrasion?
What is the term for the ability of a material to resist abrasion?
What is the significance of the abrasion ratio in evaluating building materials?
What is the significance of the abrasion ratio in evaluating building materials?
What is the primary reason for using materials with low thermal conductivity?
What is the primary reason for using materials with low thermal conductivity?
What is the formula for calculating the linear coefficient of thermal expansion?
What is the formula for calculating the linear coefficient of thermal expansion?
What is the relationship between the mass before and after abrasion in calculating the abrasion ratio?
What is the relationship between the mass before and after abrasion in calculating the abrasion ratio?
What is the significance of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (αL) in structural materials?
What is the significance of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (αL) in structural materials?
What is the likely effect of a temperature decrease on a steel bar fixed at both ends?
What is the likely effect of a temperature decrease on a steel bar fixed at both ends?
What is the defining characteristic of elasto-plastic materials?
What is the defining characteristic of elasto-plastic materials?
What happens to the strain of a material that exhibits linear elastic behavior when the stress is increased beyond a certain point?
What happens to the strain of a material that exhibits linear elastic behavior when the stress is increased beyond a certain point?
What is the yield strength of the aluminum alloy rod in the example?
What is the yield strength of the aluminum alloy rod in the example?
What is the change in gauge length of the aluminum alloy rod?
What is the change in gauge length of the aluminum alloy rod?
What is the type of material that exhibits both elastic and plastic behavior?
What is the type of material that exhibits both elastic and plastic behavior?
What can be inferred from a stress-strain curve that has a linear portion followed by a non-linear portion?
What can be inferred from a stress-strain curve that has a linear portion followed by a non-linear portion?
What is the purpose of drawing a stress-strain curve?
What is the purpose of drawing a stress-strain curve?
What is the relationship between stress and strain in the elastic region of a stress-strain curve?
What is the relationship between stress and strain in the elastic region of a stress-strain curve?
What happens to the deformation of a material when the load is removed?
What happens to the deformation of a material when the load is removed?
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Study Notes
Classification of Building Materials
- Building materials can be classified into two main categories: structural and non-structural materials.
- Structural materials are used to resist loads, such as reinforced concrete and steel used in beams, columns, and foundations.
- Non-structural materials are not designed to carry loads, such as brick or wood partitions.
Physical Properties of Building Materials
- Density (ρ) is the mass per unit volume of a material, calculated as ρ = M / V, where M is the mass and V is the volume.
- Apparent density (ρ°) is the dry mass per unit volume of a substance under natural conditions, calculated as ρ° = M / V°.
- Bulk density (ρb) is the dry mass per unit volume of a substance under packed conditions, calculated as ρb = M / Vb.
- Unit weight (γ) is the weight per unit volume of a material, calculated as γ = W / V or γ = ρ.
Mechanical Properties of Building Materials
- Young's modulus (E) is a measure of a material's ability to resist deformation, calculated as E = σ / ε.
- Different types of modulus of elasticity exist.
- Poisson's ratio (ν) is a measure of a material's lateral strain response to longitudinal stress.
Classification of Building Materials by Nature of Deformation
- Elastic materials can recover their original shape after removal of the load, such as rubber.
- Plastic materials cannot recover their original shape after removal of the load, such as clay.
- Elasto-plastic materials can recover part of their shape changes after removal of the load, such as steel, concrete, and wood.
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Expansion
- Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat, influenced by the material's nature, structure, and porosity.
- Thermal expansion is the change in length of a material due to a change in temperature, calculated as αL = δL / (L * δT).
- The coefficient of thermal expansion (αL) is a material constant.
Other Properties of Building Materials
- Fire resistance is the ability of a material to resist high temperatures without appreciable deformation and substantial loss of strength.
- Chemical resistance is the ability of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis, seawater, and gases.
- Durability is the ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors.
- Hardness is the property of a material to resist pressing-in or scratch of a sharp object.
- Abrasive resistance is the capacity of a material to resist abrasion, calculated as N = (m1 - m2) / A.
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