Building Materials Chapter 1

At the engineering level, the total ______ is considered;

The linear dimensions of the representative cell varies considerably, from say 10-3 m for ______ to 0.1 m for concrete;

If the properties are the same in all directions then the material is ______ and the representative cell is a cube;

The micro-level structure that can be observed by optical microscope is called ______ or sub-microstructure;

What is mainly studied in this structure are the size, shape and interface of ______ and particles;

The material consists of particles such as aggregates distributed in a matrix such as hydrated ______ or bitumen;

The atomic and molecular structures of materials that can be studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and other means are called ______;

The size, shape and distribution of ______ and micro-cracks is studied in meso-structure;

The dimensions of the particles differ considerably, from the wall thickness of a wood cell at 5 × 10 -6 m to the length of a ______ at 0.225 m;

The material is considered as a composite of different ______, which interact to realize the behavior of the total material;

The compositions of materials include ______ composition and mineral composition.

The chemical composition refers to the ______ constituents.

The strength, hardness and toughness of ______ steel will change with the increase of carbon content.

Stainless steel comes into being by adding chromium, nickel and other chemical components into ______.

Many inorganic materials consist of a variety of ______ compositions.

The mineral compositions are the key factors for the properties of some ______ materials.

Cement reveals different characteristics because of different ______.

The structure of materials can be divided into ______-structure, meso-structure and micro-structure.

The thick structure above millimeter that can be identified with magnifying glass or naked eyes is called as ______-structure.

The structure of materials is the key factor related to the ______ of materials.

Atoms, the building block of ______, consist of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of orbiting electrons.

The nucleus consists of positively charged ______ and neutral neutrons, and so has a net positive charge.

Atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns possible, which means that they have a tendency to complete or fill their outermost ______ orbits.

______ bonding involves a transfer of an electron, so one atom gains an electron while one atom loses an electron.

A covalent bond involves the sharing of ______ between two atoms.

Metallic bonding is sort of like ______ bonding, because it involves sharing electrons.

The simplest model of metallic bonding is the '______ of electrons' model, which imagines that the atoms sit in a sea of valence electrons that are delocalized over all the atoms.

Because metal ions have free ______, the metal materials such as iron, steel, aluminum, copper and their alloys have good thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.

Atomic crystal has a high ______, such as diamond, quartz and silicon carbide.

The strength, hardness, and melting point of ionic bonds are ______.