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Questions and Answers
At the engineering level, the total ______ is considered;
At the engineering level, the total ______ is considered;
material
The linear dimensions of the representative cell varies considerably, from say 10-3 m for ______ to 0.1 m for concrete;
The linear dimensions of the representative cell varies considerably, from say 10-3 m for ______ to 0.1 m for concrete;
metals
If the properties are the same in all directions then the material is ______ and the representative cell is a cube;
If the properties are the same in all directions then the material is ______ and the representative cell is a cube;
isotropic
The micro-level structure that can be observed by optical microscope is called ______ or sub-microstructure;
The micro-level structure that can be observed by optical microscope is called ______ or sub-microstructure;
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What is mainly studied in this structure are the size, shape and interface of ______ and particles;
What is mainly studied in this structure are the size, shape and interface of ______ and particles;
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The material consists of particles such as aggregates distributed in a matrix such as hydrated ______ or bitumen;
The material consists of particles such as aggregates distributed in a matrix such as hydrated ______ or bitumen;
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The atomic and molecular structures of materials that can be studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and other means are called ______;
The atomic and molecular structures of materials that can be studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and other means are called ______;
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The size, shape and distribution of ______ and micro-cracks is studied in meso-structure;
The size, shape and distribution of ______ and micro-cracks is studied in meso-structure;
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The dimensions of the particles differ considerably, from the wall thickness of a wood cell at 5 × 10 -6 m to the length of a ______ at 0.225 m;
The dimensions of the particles differ considerably, from the wall thickness of a wood cell at 5 × 10 -6 m to the length of a ______ at 0.225 m;
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The material is considered as a composite of different ______, which interact to realize the behavior of the total material;
The material is considered as a composite of different ______, which interact to realize the behavior of the total material;
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The compositions of materials include ______ composition and mineral composition.
The compositions of materials include ______ composition and mineral composition.
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The chemical composition refers to the ______ constituents.
The chemical composition refers to the ______ constituents.
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The strength, hardness and toughness of ______ steel will change with the increase of carbon content.
The strength, hardness and toughness of ______ steel will change with the increase of carbon content.
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Stainless steel comes into being by adding chromium, nickel and other chemical components into ______.
Stainless steel comes into being by adding chromium, nickel and other chemical components into ______.
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Many inorganic materials consist of a variety of ______ compositions.
Many inorganic materials consist of a variety of ______ compositions.
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The mineral compositions are the key factors for the properties of some ______ materials.
The mineral compositions are the key factors for the properties of some ______ materials.
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Cement reveals different characteristics because of different ______.
Cement reveals different characteristics because of different ______.
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The structure of materials can be divided into ______-structure, meso-structure and micro-structure.
The structure of materials can be divided into ______-structure, meso-structure and micro-structure.
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The thick structure above millimeter that can be identified with magnifying glass or naked eyes is called as ______-structure.
The thick structure above millimeter that can be identified with magnifying glass or naked eyes is called as ______-structure.
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The structure of materials is the key factor related to the ______ of materials.
The structure of materials is the key factor related to the ______ of materials.
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Atoms, the building block of ______, consist of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of orbiting electrons.
Atoms, the building block of ______, consist of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of orbiting electrons.
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The nucleus consists of positively charged ______ and neutral neutrons, and so has a net positive charge.
The nucleus consists of positively charged ______ and neutral neutrons, and so has a net positive charge.
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Atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns possible, which means that they have a tendency to complete or fill their outermost ______ orbits.
Atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns possible, which means that they have a tendency to complete or fill their outermost ______ orbits.
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______ bonding involves a transfer of an electron, so one atom gains an electron while one atom loses an electron.
______ bonding involves a transfer of an electron, so one atom gains an electron while one atom loses an electron.
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A covalent bond involves the sharing of ______ between two atoms.
A covalent bond involves the sharing of ______ between two atoms.
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Metallic bonding is sort of like ______ bonding, because it involves sharing electrons.
Metallic bonding is sort of like ______ bonding, because it involves sharing electrons.
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The simplest model of metallic bonding is the '______ of electrons' model, which imagines that the atoms sit in a sea of valence electrons that are delocalized over all the atoms.
The simplest model of metallic bonding is the '______ of electrons' model, which imagines that the atoms sit in a sea of valence electrons that are delocalized over all the atoms.
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Because metal ions have free ______, the metal materials such as iron, steel, aluminum, copper and their alloys have good thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.
Because metal ions have free ______, the metal materials such as iron, steel, aluminum, copper and their alloys have good thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.
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Atomic crystal has a high ______, such as diamond, quartz and silicon carbide.
Atomic crystal has a high ______, such as diamond, quartz and silicon carbide.
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The strength, hardness, and melting point of ionic bonds are ______.
The strength, hardness, and melting point of ionic bonds are ______.
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Study Notes
Materials Composition and Structure
- Materials composition includes chemical composition and mineral composition, which are key factors for the properties of materials.
- Chemical composition refers to the chemical constituents, and varying chemical compositions result in different properties.
- For example, increasing carbon content in carbon steel changes its strength, hardness, and toughness, making it prone to rust, which can be addressed by adding chromium, nickel, and other chemical components to create stainless steel.
Mineral Composition
- Many inorganic materials consist of various mineral compositions, which are key factors for the properties of some building materials (e.g., natural stone, inorganic gel, and other materials).
- Cement exhibits different characteristics due to different clinkers.
Structure of Materials
- The structures of materials can be divided into macro-structure, meso-structure, and micro-structure, which are key factors related to the properties of materials.
Macro-structure
- Macro-structure refers to the thick structure above millimeter that can be identified with a magnifying glass or naked eyes.
- At the engineering level, the total material is considered, and it is normally taken as continuous and homogeneous, with average properties assumed throughout the whole volume of the material body.
- The minimum scale that must be considered is governed by the size of the representative cell, which varies from 10^(-3) m for metals to 0.1 m for concrete and 1 m for masonry.
Meso-structure
- Meso-structure refers to the micro-level structure that can be observed by optical microscope.
- It includes the size, shape, and interface of grains and particles, and the size, shape, and distribution of pores and micro-cracks.
- The material is considered as a composite of different phases, which interact to realize the behavior of the total material.
Microstructure
- Microstructure refers to the atomic and molecular structures of materials that can be studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and other means.
- Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of orbiting electrons, and the nucleus consists of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.
Bonding of Atoms
- Atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns possible, which means they have a tendency to complete or fill their outermost electron orbits.
- Ionic bonding involves a transfer of an electron, resulting in high strength, hardness, and melting point, but also volatility and medium density.
- Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms, resulting in strong bonding force, high strength, hardness, melting point, and density.
- Metallic bonding involves sharing electrons, resulting in volatile strength and hardness, high density, and good thermal and electrical conductivity.
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Description
A quiz on Chapter 1 of Building Materials for Civil Engineering students at the University of Halabja. Test your knowledge of building materials and their properties.
