Building Design and Layout

Public Building Types

• Public buildings can be categorized into various types, including:
  • Healthcare facilities (hospitals, clinics, etc.)
  • Government offices
  • Cultural and recreational buildings (museums, theaters, etc.)
  • Transportation hubs (airports, bus terminals, etc.)
  • Commercial buildings (shopping malls, office buildings, etc.)
  • Religious buildings (places of worship, etc.)
  • Community centers
  • Correctional facilities (prisons, detention centers, etc.)
  • Emergency services buildings (fire stations, police stations, etc.)
  • Social services buildings (community health centers, etc.)

Healthcare Facilities

• Requirements:
  • Patient rooms
  • Operating rooms
  • Diagnostic facilities
  • Administrative areas
  • Compliance with health and safety standards, infection control measures, and accessibility standards

Government Offices

• Requirements:
  • Offices for various departments
  • Meeting rooms
  • Public service areas
  • Compliance with government regulations, security protocols, and accessibility standards

Cultural and Recreational Buildings

• Requirements:
  • Exhibition spaces (museums and art galleries)
  • Storage for artifacts
  • Public areas
  • Climate control and security measures (museums and art galleries)
  • Seating, stage facilities, dressing rooms, and technical equipment (theaters and auditoriums)
  • Compliance with safety codes, acoustics, and accessibility standards

Transportation Hubs

• Requirements:
  • Waiting areas
  • Ticketing counters
  • Security zones
  • Baggage handling facilities
  • Compliance with aviation and transportation regulations, security measures, and accessibility standards

Commercial Buildings

• Requirements:
  • Retail spaces (shopping malls)
  • Food courts
  • Restrooms
  • Parking facilities
  • Compliance with fire safety codes, building regulations, and accessibility standards
  • Office spaces (office buildings)
  • Conference rooms
  • Common areas
  • Compliance with workplace safety regulations, building codes, and accessibility standards

Religious Buildings

• Requirements:
  • Worship spaces
  • Prayer halls
  • Communal areas
  • Compliance with fire safety codes, accessibility standards, and cultural considerations

Community Centers

• Requirements:
  • Multipurpose halls
  • Meeting rooms
  • Recreational areas
  • Offices
  • Compliance with safety regulations, accessibility standards, and space flexibility

Correctional Facilities

• Requirements:
  • Cell blocks
  • Common areas
  • Security systems
  • Administrative spaces
  • Compliance with strict security protocols, safety codes, and human rights standards

Emergency Services Buildings

• Requirements:
  • Apparatus bays
  • Sleeping quarters
  • Offices
  • Training areas
  • Compliance with safety standards, emergency response protocols, and accessibility requirements

Social Services Buildings

• Requirements:
  • Examination rooms
  • Waiting areas
  • Administrative spaces
  • Compliance with healthcare standards, safety regulations, and accessibility requirements

Planning of Public Building

• Needs assessment:
  • Identify the purpose and objectives of the public building
  • Conduct a needs assessment to understand the requirements of the community or organization
• Site selection:
  • Choose an appropriate location that is accessible to the target audience
  • Consider factors such as proximity to public transportation, visibility, and compatibility with the surrounding environment
• Zoning and regulations:
  • Familiarize yourself with local zoning regulations and building codes
  • Ensure that the chosen site complies with all relevant laws and regulations
• Stakeholder involvement:
  • Involve key stakeholders, including community members, government officials, and potential users, in the planning process
  • Gather input on needs, preferences, and priorities
• Program development:
  • Develop a detailed program that outlines the functional requirements of the building
  • Consider the spaces needed, such as offices, meeting rooms, common areas, and amenities
• Space planning:
  • Allocate space efficiently based on the program requirements
  • Consider factors like accessibility, flexibility, and scalability for future needs
• Architectural design:
  • Collaborate with architects to design a building that aligns with the purpose, aesthetics, and functionality outlined in the program
  • Incorporate sustainable and energy-efficient design principles
• Technology integration:
  • Plan for the integration of technology, including communication systems, audio-visual equipment, and security features
  • Ensure that the building can support future technological advancements
• Accessibility and inclusivity:
  • Design the building to be accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities
  • Incorporate universal design principles to create an inclusive environment
• Safety and security:
  • Implement safety measures, including fire safety, emergency exits, and security systems
  • Consider the specific security needs of the facility based on its function
• Sustainability:
  • Integrate sustainable practices in the design and construction of the building
  • Consider energy-efficient systems, green building materials, and water conservation measures
• Budgeting:
  • Develop a realistic budget that accounts for construction costs, permits, furnishings, and potential contingencies
  • Ensure that the project aligns with available funding sources
• Project management:
  • Establish a project management plan with clear timelines, milestones, and responsibilities
  • Hire a qualified project manager to oversee the construction process
• Community engagement:
  • Keep the community informed and engaged throughout the planning process
  • Gather feedback on design proposals and make adjustments based on community input
• Permitting and approvals:
  • Obtain all necessary permits and approvals from local authorities before proceeding with construction
  • Ensure compliance with regulatory requirements
• Construction and commissioning:
  • Hire a qualified construction team to execute the building plan
  • Conduct regular inspections to ensure that construction aligns with the approved design
  • Commission the building systems and ensure that they operate as intended
• Post-occupancy evaluation:
  • Conduct a post-occupancy evaluation to assess how well the building meets its objectives
  • Gather feedback from users to identify any necessary improvements

Line Planning

• School:
  • Arrange classrooms along corridors for easy access
  • Consider natural lighting and ventilation
  • Allocate space for administrative offices, library, auditorium/gymnasium, and cafeteria
• Commercial market:
  • Design individual shop spaces with frontage along walkways
  • Consider storage areas and utilities
  • Plan for common areas like seating zones or food courts
  • Design pedestrian-friendly walkways
  • Allocate restroom facilities strategically
  • Ensure easy access for shoppers
  • Design a parking area for customers and delivery vehicles
• Primary health center:
  • Arrange consultation rooms for doctors
  • Include waiting areas for patients
  • Design spaces for basic medical treatments
  • Include examination rooms
  • Position the pharmacy near the entrance
  • Include storage for medicines
  • Plan for administrative offices
  • Include a reception area
  • Design a dedicated space for emergencies
  • Ensure easy access for ambulances
• Workshop:
  • Design workspaces with adequate lighting and ventilation
  • Arrange equipment for efficient workflow
  • Plan for storage areas for tools and materials
  • Ensure safety measures are in place
  • Include office space for administrative tasks
  • Design meeting rooms if needed
  • Plan for easy loading and unloading of materials
  • Designate a separate area for deliveries
• College building:
  • Arrange classrooms and lecture halls with adequate seating
  • Consider technology integration
  • Design specialized spaces for laboratories
  • Ensure safety measures for experiments
  • Allocate space for a library and individual or group study areas
  • Consider quiet zones
  • Design common areas for student interaction
  • Include recreational spaces
• Post office:
  • Arrange service counters for different postal services
  • Design customer service areas
  • Plan for a sorting area for incoming and outgoing mail
  • Include storage for packages
  • Allocate space for administrative offices
  • Designate areas for staff break and rest
  • Provide waiting areas for customers
  • Ensure clear signage for guidance

Freehand Sketching

• Balcony:
  • Features: Guardrails, balusters, flooring, and access door
  • Sketch details: Emphasize the railing design and the relationship with the building facade
• Chajja (Eaves):
  • Features: Overhanging eave with supporting brackets
  • Sketch details: Focus on the decorative brackets supporting the eave
• Staircase planning:
  • Features: Staircase with landing and handrails
  • Sketch details: Showcase the flow and rhythm of stairs, emphasizing the landing and handrail design
• Elevation features:
  • Features: Windows, door, and decorative elements on the building facade
  • Sketch details: Highlight architectural details and fenestration

Freehand Staircase Drawing

• Steps:
  1. Start with basic shapes
  2. Outline the stairs
  3. Add depth
  4. Include handrails
  5. Incorporate landing
  6. Refine details