Building Blocks of Health Systems
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Questions and Answers

What are the three interrelated functions of a good health financing system?

  • Leadership, governance, and accountability
  • Collection of revenues, pooling of pre-paid revenues, and purchasing (correct)
  • Collection of revenues, pooling of funds, and leadership
  • Pooling of funds, purchasing, and quality control

    • What is a priority in a good health financing system?

  • Increasing health workforce
  • National health financing policies (correct)
  • Improving health infrastructure
  • Reducing health expenditures

    • What does a good health financing system protect people from?

  • High health expenditures
  • Poor healthcare services
  • Financial catastrophe and impoverishment (correct)
  • Health risks and disease

    • What is the primary intent of a health system?

    <p>To promote, restore or maintain health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main components of a health system according to Figueras and McKee (2012)?

    <p>Delivery of health services, enabling functions, and stewardship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pooling pre-paid revenues in a health financing system?

    <p>To share risks and reduce uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of a health system according to WHO (2000)?

    <p>To produce health actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leadership and governance in healthcare?

    <p>Ensuring strategic policy frameworks exist and are combined with effective oversight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of healthcare leadership and governance?

    <p>Attention to system-design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a health system considered to be according to WHO (2008)?

    <p>An intermediate social determinant of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a good health financing system raise?

    <p>Adequate funds for health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of good health services?

    <p>To provide safe, quality personal and non-personal health interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of WHO in health systems?

    <p>To strengthen health systems in a changing world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of purchasing in a health financing system?

    <p>To pay for healthcare services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a priority in leadership and governance in healthcare?

    <p>Coalition-building and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary locations where health services are delivered?

    <p>In the home, community, workplace, or health facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main activities of stewardship in a health system?

    <p>Influencing health impact of other sectors, addressing new challenges, and promoting common understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a good health financing system provide?

    <p>Incentives for efficient healthcare provision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of health systems according to WHO (2007)?

    <p>To promote, restore or maintain health, and compensate for permanent disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a well-performing health workforce?

    <p>Having staff that are competent, responsive, and productive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of health workers are included in a health workforce?

    <p>All people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to protect and improve health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of enabling functions in a health system?

    <p>Financing, resource generation, and stewardship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of health systems in addressing health inequities?

    <p>Health systems are an intermediate social determinant of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key priority for health workforce development?

    <p>Developing national workforce policies and investment plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of a health information system?

    <p>Ensuring the production, analysis, dissemination and use of reliable and timely information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three domains of health information?

    <p>Health determinants, health systems performance, and health status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key priority for health information systems?

    <p>Developing facility and population-based information and surveillance systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a well-functioning health system's access to medical products, vaccines, and technologies?

    <p>Equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines, and technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key priority for ensuring access to medical products, vaccines, and technologies?

    <p>Ensuring global standards and tools for medical products, vaccines, and technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation to cooperation for health in ASEAN?

    <p>Lack of economic commitment and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that respects the independence and sovereignty of ASEAN member states?

    <p>The ASEAN Way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of ASEAN's health cooperation?

    <p>To promote the exchange of experiences and best practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge for ASEAN in terms of data?

    <p>Quality of data collection and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the concept paper in the discussion groups?

    <p>To identify a health policy concern in ASEAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural challenge faced by ASEAN in coordinating with WHO?

    <p>Different regional offices of WHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle enshrined in the ASEAN Charter?

    <p>Respect for sovereignty and non-interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ASEAN in health governance?

    <p>To facilitate regional cooperation and knowledge sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome expected from the concept paper?

    <p>A 300-word paper on a health policy concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of decision-making in ASEAN?

    <p>Consensus-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the year ASEAN was founded?

    <p>1967</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of ASEAN?

    <p>To form the ASEAN Community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the strategic measures to promote the development of a strong healthcare industry in ASEAN?

    <p>Promoting the development of a strong healthcare industry through private healthcare markets and public-private partnerships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the ASEAN Economic Community?

    <p>Enhancing connectivity and sectoral cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ASEAN Charter?

    <p>To uphold the purpose of preserving regional peace and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC)?

    <p>Social welfare and cultural development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Post-2015 Health Development Agenda (2016-2020)?

    <p>To strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint 2025?

    <p>To lift the quality of life of its people by putting their welfare and well-being at the heart of its activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge facing ASEAN in terms of health development?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle enshrined in the ASEAN Charter?

    <p>Respect for the independence and sovereignty of ASEAN member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of ASEAN's health cooperation?

    <p>To strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a demographic trend observed in ASEAN?

    <p>A transition to an ageing population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of ASEAN's health cooperation?

    <p>Strengthening regional cooperation on health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge faced by ASEAN in terms of data?

    <p>Limited availability and quality of health data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge facing ASEAN member states?

    <p>Varying levels of economic development and regulatory capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint 2025?

    <p>To foster a sense of ASEAN identity and promotion of ASEAN cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)?

    <p>To create a single market and production base, increase competitiveness, and promote economic growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Post-2015 Health Development Agenda (2016-2020)?

    <p>To reduce the burden of infectious diseases and promote health equity in ASEAN member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle enshrined in the ASEAN Charter?

    <p>Respect for the independence and sovereignty of ASEAN member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation to cooperation for health in ASEAN?

    <p>Different priorities and competing interests among ASEAN member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint 2025?

    <p>To strengthen ASEAN's identity and sense of community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of ASEAN's health cooperation?

    <p>To improve health outcomes and health equity in ASEAN member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle enshrined in the ASEAN Charter?

    <p>Respect for sovereignty and independence of ASEAN member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the strategic measures to promote the development of a strong healthcare industry in ASEAN?

    <p>Promoting public-private partnerships in healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of ASEAN?

    <p>To establish the ASEAN Community in 2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint 2025?

    <p>To lift the quality of life of its people by putting their welfare and well-being at the heart of its activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Post-2015 Health Development Agenda (2016-2020)?

    <p>To improve healthcare access and quality for ASEAN citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge facing ASEAN in terms of health development?

    <p>Varying regulatory capabilities among member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the demographic shift observed in ASEAN?

    <p>Aging population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle enshrined in the ASEAN Charter?

    <p>Respect for sovereignty and independence of member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health System

    • A health system comprises all organizations, institutions, and resources devoted to producing health actions (WHO, 2000)
    • It consists of all organizations, people, and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore, or maintain health, regardless of whether health agents are public, governmental, non-governmental, or private (WHO, 2007)
    • A health system includes three items: delivery of health services, activities to enable the delivery of health services, and stewardship activities aimed at influencing the health impact of relevant interventions in other sectors (Figueras and McKee, 2012)

    Building Blocks of Health Systems

    • The original objectives of the health system are to promote common understanding, address new challenges and set priorities, address questions of health system financiers, and strengthen WHO's role in health systems (WHO, 2007)
    • Health systems are considered an intermediate social determinant of health (WHO, 2008)

    Service Delivery

    • Good health services deliver effective, safe, quality personal and non-personal health interventions to those that need them, when and where needed, with minimum waste of resources
    • Health services may be delivered in the home, community, workplace, or in health facilities
    • Priorities include packages, delivery models, infrastructure, management, safety, and quality, and demand for care

    Health Workforce

    • A well-performing health workforce is one that works in ways that are responsive, fair, and efficient to achieve the best health outcomes possible, given available resources and circumstances
    • Health workers include all people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to protect and improve health
    • Priorities include national workforce policies and investment plans, advocacy, norms, standards, and data

    Health Information

    • A well-functioning health information system ensures the production, analysis, dissemination, and use of reliable and timely information on health determinants, health system performance, and health status
    • There are three domains: health determinants, health systems performance, and health status
    • Priorities include facility and population-based information and surveillance systems, and global standards and tools

    Medical Products, Vaccines, and Technologies

    • A well-functioning health system ensures equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines, and technologies of assured quality, safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness
    • Priorities include norms, standards, policies, reliable procurement, equitable access, and quality

    Health Financing

    • A good health financing system raises adequate funds for health, ensuring people can use needed services and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment
    • It provides incentives for providers and users to be efficient
    • The three interrelated functions are: revenue collection, pooling of pre-paid revenues, and purchasing
    • Priorities include national health financing policies, tools and data on health expenditures, and costing

    Leadership/Governance/Stewardship

    • Leadership and governance involve ensuring strategic policy frameworks exist and are combined with effective oversight, coalition-building, regulation, attention to system-design, and accountability
    • Priorities include health sector policies, harmonization and alignment, oversight and regulation

    ASEAN – A Regional Body for Health Governance

    • The ASEAN way involves consensus-based decision-making and non-interference in the internal affairs of member countries
    • Sovereignty lies at the heart of the ASEAN way
    • Challenges include a lack of economic commitment and resources, limited data collection and analysis, and coordination with WHO
    • ASEAN's objective is to organize a learning process to promote the exchange of experiences and best practices

    ASEAN Overview

    • Founded on August 8, 1967, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand
    • Enlarged to include Brunei Darussalam (1984), Viet Nam (1995), Lao PDR and Myanmar (1997), and Cambodia (1999)
    • The ASEAN Charter was established on December 15, 2008, with the ultimate goal of achieving the ASEAN Community in 2015

    The Three Pillars of ASEAN

    • ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) Blueprint 2025: upholds the purpose of preserving regional peace and stability, adopting a comprehensive approach to security and an outward-looking approach in ASEAN external relations
    • ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 2017: promotes the development of a strong healthcare industry, contributing to better healthcare facilities, products, and services
    • ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint 2025: committed to lifting the quality of life of its people by putting their welfare and well-being at the heart of its activities

    ASEAN Healthcare

    • Promotes the development of a strong healthcare industry, contributing to better healthcare facilities, products, and services
    • Strategic measures:
      • Private healthcare market and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in universal healthcare in the region
      • Harmonization of standards and conformance in healthcare products and services
      • Promoting sectors with high-growth potential, such as health tourism and e-healthcare services
      • Developing strong health insurance systems in the region
      • Facilitating the mobility of healthcare professionals in the region
      • Developing an ASEAN regulatory framework on traditional medicines and health supplements
      • Developing healthcare product directives to facilitate trade in healthcare products in the region

    Challenges

    • Sovereignty of member states
    • Economic diversity
    • Varying regulatory capabilities
    • Asian demographic shift: proportion of population by various age groups, transition to ageing population
    • Top three challenges facing ASEAN:
      • Health systems
      • Healthcare financing
      • Health workforce

    ASEAN Overview

    • Founded on August 8, 1967, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand
    • Enlarged to include Brunei Darussalam (1984), Viet Nam (1995), Lao PDR and Myanmar (1997), and Cambodia (1999)
    • The ASEAN Charter was established on December 15, 2008, with the ultimate goal of achieving the ASEAN Community in 2015

    The Three Pillars of ASEAN

    • ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) Blueprint 2025: upholds the purpose of preserving regional peace and stability, adopting a comprehensive approach to security and an outward-looking approach in ASEAN external relations
    • ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 2017: promotes the development of a strong healthcare industry, contributing to better healthcare facilities, products, and services
    • ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint 2025: committed to lifting the quality of life of its people by putting their welfare and well-being at the heart of its activities

    ASEAN Healthcare

    • Promotes the development of a strong healthcare industry, contributing to better healthcare facilities, products, and services
    • Strategic measures:
      • Private healthcare market and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in universal healthcare in the region
      • Harmonization of standards and conformance in healthcare products and services
      • Promoting sectors with high-growth potential, such as health tourism and e-healthcare services
      • Developing strong health insurance systems in the region
      • Facilitating the mobility of healthcare professionals in the region
      • Developing an ASEAN regulatory framework on traditional medicines and health supplements
      • Developing healthcare product directives to facilitate trade in healthcare products in the region

    Challenges

    • Sovereignty of member states
    • Economic diversity
    • Varying regulatory capabilities
    • Asian demographic shift: proportion of population by various age groups, transition to ageing population
    • Top three challenges facing ASEAN:
      • Health systems
      • Healthcare financing
      • Health workforce

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    Description

    Understanding health systems, including WHO definitions and components. Learn about organizations, people, and actions that promote, restore, or maintain health.

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