BTM III - Muscle Tone Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of dynamic strength training?

It utilizes a fixed resistance throughout the exercise.

It employs concentric and eccentric movements. (correct)

It focuses solely on isometric exercises.

It requires no special equipment.

Which stage focuses on strengthening hypotonic and weakened muscles with minimal resistance training?

1st stage (correct)

3rd stage

4th stage

2nd stage

What type of training allows for precise dosing options and includes both testing and therapeutic uses?

General strength training

Isokinetic training (correct)

Dynamic strength training

Stretching training

Which therapeutic procedure is included in the evaluation of muscle tone changes?

Passive resistance method (PIR) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of the 3rd stage in muscle strengthening?

Training of daily movements Signup and view all the answers

What is atonia?

Complete loss of muscle tone Signup and view all the answers

What method is considered the most important procedure for assessing muscle tone?

Palpation Signup and view all the answers

Which change in muscle tone is characterized by decreased muscle tone?

Hypotonia Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of muscle hypertonia?

Muscle shortening Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is related to the assessment of muscle tone through visual inspection?

Aspection Signup and view all the answers

Which condition indicates normal muscle tone?

Eutonia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tone change?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is recommended for addressing functional tone changes due to limbic system dysfunction?

Autogenic training Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Post-Isometric Relaxation (PIR)?

Isometric contraction of the muscle followed by its relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of trigger point is always spontaneously painful?

Active trigger point Signup and view all the answers

What does the Antigravity Relaxation method (AGR) rely on?

The force of gravity during contraction and relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods incorporates stretching after post-facilitation inhibition?

Janda's Post Facilitation Stretch Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between PIR and MET?

Duration of the isometric contraction Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs during the relaxation phase of PIR?

Melting phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

Which method is associated with reciprocal inhibition?

Agistic-eccentric contraction procedures Signup and view all the answers

What does a latent trigger point signify?

Causes pain during palpation only Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of reciprocal inhibition involve?

The activation of the antagonist leads to relaxation of the agonist Signup and view all the answers

In the first phase of the AEC technique, which type of contraction is performed?

Concentric contraction without resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of static strength training?

Involves dynamic movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended intensity for isometric contractions in static strength training?

50 – 70% of max strength Signup and view all the answers

Which stretching technique is typically considered static stretching?

Holding a position for a duration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of strength training that focuses on elongating the muscle under tension?

Eccentric strength training Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true about static strength training?

It promotes quick muscle contractions. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of strength training incorporates speed and dynamic movements?

Dynamic strength training Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

BTM III - PFYZ 0104C

Course date: October 7, 2024
Topic: Changes in muscle tone, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures

Muscle Tone

Muscle tone is variable tension in the muscle, depending on the state of the central nervous system (CNS).
Tone is assessed by palpating the muscle's consistency and the surrounding tissues' turgor.
Muscle tone is closely related to the muscle's consistency or elasticity, a constant property.
Rheological properties of fibrous tissue also influence muscle tone/tension.

Control of Muscle Tone

Knowledge of physiology and anatomy is emphasized (one-year).
The regulation of muscle tone—and its various levels of control—are covered.
Diagrams of intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers, gamma motor neurons, and alpha motor neurons were included.

Muscle Tone - Quantitative Assessment

Atonia: Complete loss of muscle tone.
Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone.
Eutonia: Normal muscle tone.
Hypertonia: Increased muscle tone.

Assessment of Muscle Tone

Inspection: Basic orientation (muscle relief, joint position, body posture).
Palpation: Basic and crucial procedure.
Passive movements.
Instrumental methods, including algometers.

Changes in Muscle Tone

Local tone changes are primarily caused by damage in peripheral signal areas (nervous system).
Overall (resting) tone changes originate in subcortical regulatory areas, including the brainstem, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

Muscle Hyper-Tone

Muscle hypertonia can result from morphological or functional changes.
Morphological changes, such as spasticity and rigidity, are detailed.
Functional changes (according to Janda) include limbic system dysfunction causing segmental, whole or part muscle dysfunction, nociceptive irritation, and muscle shortening.

TH - Muscle Hyper-tone

Treatments for muscle hypertonia can include pharmacological, surgical, and physiotherapy approaches.

Therapy of Functional Tone Changes - Hyper-tone

Addressing dysfunction of the limbic system, a holistic approach is vital.
Techniques like global relaxation, autogenic training, yoga, and Feldenkrais are mentioned for therapy.

Therapy of Functional Tone Changes - Hyper-tone (Impaired Function at Segmental Level)

Techniques focus on impaired function at the segmental level (whole muscle, part of a muscle), and use the principle of post-facilitation inhibition (PIR).

Trigger Points

Trigger points (TrPs) are areas of increased tissue irritation in muscles that result in increased sensitivity to touch.
Different classifications of Trigger Points (TrPs): active, latent, and primary.

Therapy of Functional Tonus Changes - Hypertonus

Nociceptive irritation is a treatment target
Post-facilitation inhibition (PIR) techniques are addressed for treatment.

Therapy of Functional Tone Changes - Hypertone (Muscle Shortening)

Muscle shortening is a target for treatment.
Post-facilitation inhibition (PIR) maximum resistance + stretch, and stretching techniques are covered.

Postfacilitation Inhibition (PIR)

Lewit's approach to PIR method- Relaxation after isometric contractions
Janda's technique blends PIR with stretches.
Zbojan's anti-gravity relaxation (AGR) approach is described.

PIR – Principle

Autogenic inhibition and the Golgi tendon organ system are explored.

Similar techniques (like PIR)

Mitchell's and MET (Muscle Energy Technique) techniques, and their distinctions from PIR, are described.

AGR – Antigravity Relaxation Method

AGR uses isometric muscle contractions combined with relaxation, leveraging gravitational force.
The procedure parallels PIR, though position-control procedures are essential.

PIR followed by Stretching

Janda's post-facilitation stretch involves isometric muscle contraction followed by relaxation, then manual stretching.
Instructions address position, contraction duration (approximately 10 seconds), and the importance of release followed by stretching.

Reciprocal Inhibition

Antagonist activation is crucial.
Brügger's AEC method is discussed; it uses eccentric contractions of antagonist muscle groups. The concept of diagnostic and therapy of functional disorders of the locomotor system, with reciprocal inhibition (activation of the antagonist leads to relaxation of the agonist), is presented.

AEC - Technique

AEC, an agistic eccentric contraction procedure, has two phases: a concentric contraction phase without resistance, and an eccentric contraction phase with resistance.

Other Procedures

Active and passive movements (pendulum, swing, thrust, positioning);
Manual techniques (massage, pressure, etc.);
Physical therapy modalities (heat, cold, etc.).

Stretching - Notes

Various stretching types are introduced, including static stretching.
Key principles include positioning, duration (15-45 seconds), and proper breathing techniques.

Decreased Muscle Strength

Introduction to therapeutic procedures related to decreased muscle strength is covered.

Repetition 1st Year

Examination procedures for evaluating strength, methods of manual tests, instrumental and special tests are covered.

Strength Training

Types of strength training, including static, dynamic (concentric, eccentric), and isokinetic are introduced.

Static Strength Training

Early initiation of therapy, atrophy prophylaxis, selective muscle group selection, dosing option, and coordination aspects are explored.

Static Strength Training (Method)

Isometric contractions and Hettinger methods are covered for static strength training.
Dosage recommendations on Intensity (50-70% of maximum strength) and Duration of isometric contraction (5 to 10 seconds) are noted.

Dynamic Strength Training

Physiological and complex movements, variable load parameters, and frequent device use with possible incorrect instructions are essential considerations.

Dynamic Strength Training (Recommendation/dosing)

Number of repetitions and resistance (load) are vital for determining the appropriate dose.

Isokinetic Training

This method includes testing options, precise dosage, training recording/analysis, versatility, eccentric/concentric training option, workforce requirements, and cost-effectiveness aspects.

Strengthening Hypotonic, Hypoactive, and Weakened Muscles

Strengthening involves three stages: minimal resistance training on hypertonic muscles, strengthening simple muscle interactions, and strengthening/training daily movements.

In Practical Lectures

Evaluation of fascia and periosteal points are discussed.

Knowledge

Muscle tone definition, muscle tone changes, and therapeutic procedures for influencing increased/decreased muscle tone are addressed.
Therapeutic procedure characteristics, including PIR, PIR + stretch, AGR, AEC, and general procedures, are explored.

Skills

Muscle tone change evaluations, fascia and periosteal point evaluations, and the application of muscle group procedures, are noted; including advanced physical therapy methods.

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Description

This quiz covers the changes in muscle tone, including diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the central nervous system's role in muscle tension, as well as the regulation and assessment of muscle tone. Key concepts such as atonia, hypotonia, eutonia, and hypertonia will be explored.