Quiz

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Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease?

Urinary tract obstruction

Hypertension

Glomerular diseases

Diabetes (correct)

What is the criteria for chronic kidney disease based on decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

GFR less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 1 month

GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months (correct)

GFR less than 120 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 2 weeks

GFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 6 months

Which of the following is NOT a marker of kidney damage according to the criteria for chronic kidney disease?

Hematuria

Albuminuria

Electrolyte abnormalities (correct)

Structural abnormalities detected on imaging

What is the main treatment option for chronic kidney disease?

Transplantation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the kidney is sclerosed in chronic kidney disease?

Interstitium Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration required for the presence of marker of kidney damage or decreased GFR to diagnose chronic kidney disease?

3 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for marker of kidney damage in chronic kidney disease?

Electrolyte abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common end stage result of chronic kidney disease?

Kidney failure Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of chronic kidney disease cases are caused by hypertension?

Up to 30% Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are patients typically asymptomatic with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) greater than 30 ml/min?

Stage 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a late sign of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the major erythropoiesis stimulator released from the kidneys?

Erythropoietin (EPO) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind generalized edema in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Loss of GFR leading to sodium and fluid retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest structural change in a kidney biopsy recognized by electron microscopy in diabetic kidney disease?

Diffuse effacement of podocytes' foot processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Inability of the kidneys to secrete potassium in the urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Increased parathyroid hormone secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind weight loss in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Protein-energy malnutrition due to metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the major complication of uremia in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Uremic encephalopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of glomerular and vascular changes in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

The mechanisms are compensatory at first, but later lead to glomerular damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of malignant hypertension?

Marked narrowing of interlobular arteries and larger arterioles (obliteration) Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical features of malignant hypertension?

Papilledema, encephalopathy, cardiovascular abnormalities, and renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the morphology of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Glomerular sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the cortex in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Fibrotic Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of chronic glomerulonephritis?

Complete replacement of virtually all glomeruli by blue-staining collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the glomerular and vascular changes in CKD caused by hypertension?

Elevated systemic blood pressures cause a hypertrophic response leading to intimal thickening of the large and the small vasculature Signup and view all the answers