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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of minerals in the body?
Which of the following foods is a good source of minerals?
What happens to minerals during metabolism?
What is the primary function of calcium in the body?
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How many essential minerals are required in the diet for good health?
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What distinguishes major minerals from trace minerals?
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What is the primary function of sodium in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of minerals?
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What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for individuals over age 50?
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What is the term for low blood calcium levels?
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What is a potential consequence of calcium toxicity?
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What is the recommended daily allowance of phosphorus for adults?
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What is the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption?
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Which of the following foods tend to have more phosphorus content?
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What is the primary source of calcium in the diet?
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What can alter phosphorus absorption?
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What is a result of hyperphosphatemia?
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Why can chronically insufficient intake lead to calcium deficiency?
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What is the term for the softening of bones due to calcium deficiency?
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What is the primary organ responsible for maintaining magnesium homeostasis?
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What is the RDA of magnesium for males above 30 years old?
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What is the recommended maximum daily intake of calcium to avoid toxicity?
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What can cause magnesium deficiency?
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What is a sign of hypomagnesemia?
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What percentage of the body's fluoride is found in calcified tissue?
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What is the primary source of fluoride in the body?
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What is the recommended daily intake of iodine for adults?
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What is a common cause of preventable brain damage in the developing fetus and infant?
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What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of iodine per day?
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Which of the following is NOT a nonessential trace mineral?
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Which of the following ionically charged forms exerts an effect on nerve conduction?
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What is the primary role of sodium in maintaining plasma volume?
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What is the adequate intake of chloride for individuals aged 19 to 50 years?
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What is a consequence of excess sodium intake?
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What is the result of excess sodium losses in sweat?
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What is the primary source of potassium in the diet?
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What is the recommended practice regarding salt supplements?
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What is the function of chloride in the body?
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Study Notes
Minerals
- Minerals have a crucial role in regulating body functions and must be ingested daily.
- They are found in foods like fresh fruits, vegetables, nutrient-dense protein foods, and whole grains.
- To get enough of each mineral, it's best to eat a wide and colorful variety of products.
Functions of Minerals
- Provide structure: bones, teeth, and soft tissues.
- Maintain fluid balance through osmosis.
- Serve as cofactors and coenzymes for metabolic and hormonal reactions.
- Play a role in nerve transmission and muscle contraction.
Mineral Classification
- There are 16 essential minerals needed in the diet for health.
- The body cannot make these nutrients and requires them from the diet.
- Minerals are classified into two categories:
- Major minerals: present in the body in amounts of 5 gm or more, requiring an intake of at least 100 mg/day.
- Trace minerals: present in amounts less than 5 gm, with recommended intakes of under 100 mg/day.
Major Minerals
- Calcium: important for bone and teeth structure, blood pressure control, and reduction of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
- Phosphorus: majority exists in bone, constituent of phospholipids and lipoproteins, and essential for maintaining steady state between absorption and excretion.
- Magnesium: found primarily in bone and soft tissue, essential for maintaining normal heart rhythm, and regulation of sodium, potassium, and calcium homeostasis.
- Sulfur: no specific information provided.
- Sodium: essential for maintaining plasma volume, contributing to ECF osmolality, and maintaining cell membrane potential.
- Potassium: delicately balanced to affect neural transmission, muscle contraction, and maintenance of fluid balance.
- Chloride: essential for maintaining plasma volume, contributing to ECF osmolality, and constituent of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Calcium
- Important part of the matrix that makes bone and teeth.
- Bones serve as a storage depot of the mineral.
- Dietary Recommended Intake (DRI) is 1000 mg of calcium daily for adults aged 19-50, and 1200 mg for adults over 50.
- Medical conditions and medications may affect intake requirements.
- Adequate levels can play a role in blood pressure control and reduction of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
- Major sources: milk and other dairy foods, some green leafy vegetables, and fish with small bones.
- Bioavailability varies among foods, and absorption is improved in the presence of adequate vitamin D stores.
- Deficiency occurs due to chronically insufficient intake, altered absorption or metabolism, and increased losses of calcium.
Calcium Deficiency
- Hypocalcemia: affects muscle contraction and nerve conduction, leading to tetany.
- Osteopenia: decreased bone mass/thin bone.
- Osteoporosis: prevention and treatment include an adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.
Calcium Toxicity
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is 2500 mg/daily.
- Hypercalcemia can lead to soft tissue deposits of calcium, renal damage, and death.
- Calcium negatively interacts with iron, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus absorption.
Phosphorus
- Majority exists in bone.
- Constituent of phospholipids and lipoproteins.
- Body seeks to maintain steady state between absorption and excretion.
- RDA is 700 mg for adults.
- All plant and animal foods contain phosphorus.
- Protein-rich foods tend to have more phosphorus content.
Phosphorus Deficiency
- Hypophosphatemia: rarely occurs from diet.
- Aluminum-containing and calcium carbonate antacids and dietary supplements can alter phosphorus absorption.
Hyperphosphatemia
- Elevated plasma phosphate level.
- Result of renal failure or vitamin D intoxication.
- Can alter hormonal balance of plasma calcium.
- Controlled with phosphorous-binding medication.
Magnesium
- Found primarily in bone and soft tissue.
- Kidney is the organ primarily responsible for maintaining magnesium homeostasis.
- Functions: maintenance of normal heart rhythm, essential in the regulation of sodium, potassium, and calcium homeostasis.
- Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) varies by age and sex.
- Best sources: leafy vegetables, whole grains, seeds, and nuts.
Magnesium Deficiency
- Occurs with poor-quality diet, high intake of processed foods, overall diminished intake, malabsorption conditions, and renal wasting due to alcohol, diuretics, certain antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic agents.
- Hypomagnesemia: magnesium not generally assessed in routine testing, cardiac patients on diuretic therapy are at risk, signs include neuromuscular hyperexcitability, concurrent hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia.
Electrolytes
- Sodium (Na+): plays a central role in maintaining plasma volume, contributing to ECF osmolality, and maintaining cell membrane potential.
- Potassium (K+): delicately balanced to affect neural transmission, muscle contraction, and maintenance of fluid balance.
- Chloride (Cl-): essential for maintaining plasma volume, contributing to ECF osmolality, and constituent of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Sodium and Chloride
- Generally found together in the food supply as sodium chloride (commonly referred to as salt).
- Balance maintained by hormones, sympathetic nervous system, and intrarenal mechanisms.
- Adequate Intake (AI) varies by age.
- Excess sodium losses in sweat can occur with intense exercise, working in extreme heat, and with cystic fibrosis.
- Hyponatremia: treated emergently as it has severe negative consequences.
- Reduced sodium is associated with improved blood pressure control in normotensive and hypertensive individuals.
- Excess sodium intake fosters increased excretion of urinary calcium.
Fluoride
- Aids in mineralization of bone and teeth.
- Can assist in stimulation of new bone formation, lifelong resistance to dental caries.
- Primary source is drinking water and beverages made with it.
- Dental products such as rinses, gels, and foams also supply fluoride.
- Inadequate intake has been shown to increase risk of dental caries.
- Prevalence is low.
- Risks of excess exposure in children: skeletal fluorosis.
Iodine
- Comprises majority of weight of two thyroid hormones responsible for regulation of temperature, metabolic rate, and enzyme action in the body:
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- RDA: 150 mcg per day for adults.
- Content varies depending on soil where plants are grown or feed given to animals.
- Seafood is a good dietary source.
- Iodine deficiency: a common cause of preventable brain damage in the developing fetus and infant, alters production of thyroid hormones, congenital hypothyroidism, and goiter.
Nonessential Trace Minerals
- Arsenic
- Boron
- Nickel
- Silicon
- Vanadium
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Description
This quiz covers the role of minerals in maintaining health, specifically their function in regulating body functions. It's a part of the BSN111 Applied Nutrition for Nurses course.
