Questions and Answers
What is the scientific study of life?
Biology
Which of the following are properties of life? (Select all that apply)
What is meant by 'order' in the context of living organisms?
Complex but ordered organization.
What does regulation refer to in organisms?
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What kind of information does DNA control in organisms?
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What term describes how organisms respond to environmental stimuli?
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What is reproduction in biological terms?
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What is evolution in the context of populations?
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What is the biosphere?
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What do ecosystems consist of?
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How are communities defined in ecological terms?
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What is a population in biological terms?
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What is an organism?
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What do organ systems consist of?
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What is a tissue?
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What is the smallest unit that can display all characteristics of life?
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What are organelles?
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What are molecules in the biological hierarchy?
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What is DNA?
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What happens to nutrients in an ecosystem?
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What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
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What are the two major kinds of cells?
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Which domain of life includes Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?
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What is natural selection?
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What is the simplified scientific method in order?
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What is a controlled experiment?
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What is a hypothesis?
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What is a scientific theory?
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What is a scientific law?
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What is the meaning of adaptation in biology?
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What is matter?
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What is an element?
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What are isotopes?
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What makes isotopes have different atomic masses?
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What is atomic mass?
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What is mass number?
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How does atomic mass differ from mass number?
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What is the atomic number?
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Which elements make up 96% of the human body?
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What are trace elements?
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What can a lack of iodine in the diet cause?
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What is a compound?
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What is an atom?
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What charge does a proton have?
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What charge does an electron have?
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What charge does a neutron have?
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What are ions?
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What is an ionic bond?
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What is a bond between a metal and a nonmetal called?
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What is a bond between two nonmetals?
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What is a covalent bond?
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What are hydrogen bonds?
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What type of bonds connect two nucleotides?
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What occurs when one atom has an uneven charge distribution?
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What are the four properties of water that are essential for life?
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What is an acid?
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What is a base?
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What are buffers?
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What are functional groups?
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What are organic compounds?
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What are the macromolecules?
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How do monomers link together?
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What is a dehydration reaction?
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What are the three classes of carbohydrates?
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What are monosaccharides?
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Give two examples of monosaccharides.
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What bond links two monosaccharides?
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What type of reaction occurs when two sugars form?
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What are three examples of disaccharides?
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What are polysaccharides?
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What are three examples of polysaccharides?
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What is starch?
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What is glycogen?
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What is cellulose?
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What are the monomers of proteins?
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What is the structure of a protein?
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What are the major types of proteins?
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What is a peptide bond?
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What is a polypeptide?
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How do peptide bonds form?
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What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
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How do DNA and RNA differ?
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What are the parts of DNA?
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What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
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What are the four nitrogenous bases in RNA?
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What bonds form the base pairs in DNA?
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What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?
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What are lipids?
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Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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What is fat composed of?
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What is saturated fat?
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What is unsaturated fat?
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What is hydrogenation?
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What are trans fats?
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What are steroids?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Biology
- Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing the structures, functions, and interactions of living organisms.
- Seven key properties define life: Order, Regulation, Growth and Development, Energy Processing, Response to Environment, Reproduction, and Evolution.
Biological Hierarchy
- The biosphere includes all ecosystems and living organisms on Earth.
- Ecosystems comprise both living organisms and nonliving components like soil, water, and light.
- Communities are groups of interacting species within an ecosystem, such as the diverse organisms in a tide pool.
- Populations consist of individuals of the same species interacting within communities.
- Organisms are individual living entities, such as an iguana.
- Organ systems and organs work together to perform specific functions within an organism.
- Tissues are groups of similar cells working together, such as heart muscle tissue.
- Cells are the fundamental units of life, capable of displaying all life characteristics.
- Organelles are the specialized structures within cells, such as the nucleus containing DNA.
- Molecules are assemblies of atoms, forming the chemical basis for biological structures.
Genetics and Evolution
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule of inheritance that carries genetic information.
- Evolution occurs through natural selection, where advantageous traits improve survival and reproduction over generations.
The Scientific Method
- The simplified scientific method involves Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Results, and Revision.
Atomic Structure and Chemistry
- Elements compose matter; they cannot be broken down by chemical means.
- Isotopes are variants of elements with differing neutron counts, affecting their atomic mass.
- Atomic mass is the average mass of an element's isotopes, while mass number counts protons and neutrons.
- Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.
- Major elements in the human body include Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen, constituting 96% of body mass.
Chemical Bonds
- Ions are charged atoms, while ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals.
- Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between nonmetals.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions formed between molecules.
Water and Acids/Bases
- Properties of water include Cohesion, Temperature Regulation, Density of Ice, and being an excellent Solvent for many substances.
- Acids release H+ ions in solution, while bases accept H+ ions; buffers help maintain pH balance.
Organic Compounds and Macromolecules
- Functional groups influence the properties and reactions of organic compounds, which are primarily carbon-based.
- Macromolecules include Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates.
- Monomers link through dehydration reactions to form polymers.
Carbohydrates
- Three classes: monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
- Glycosidic bonds connect monosaccharides in carbohydrates.
Proteins
- Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, proteins perform various functions (structural, storage, transport, and catalysis).
- Polypeptides are chains of amino acids formed via dehydration reactions.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotide is the monomer of nucleic acids; DNA and RNA differ in structure and function.
- The structure of DNA includes a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T).
Lipids
- Lipids are hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, and steroids.
- Saturated fats contain no double bonds, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
- Trans fats result from hydrogenation and are linked to health hazards.
Summary
- The interconnection among biological organization, chemical principles, and macromolecular structures is fundamental to understanding life processes and systems.
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Explore key concepts from Chapters 1-4 of BSC1005 with this comprehensive study guide. Each flashcard offers definitions and examples of important biology terms and the seven properties of life. Perfect for reviewing essential concepts and preparing for exams.