BSc. Architecture: Steel and Wood Structures

Steel is an ______ made by combining iron and other elements, the most common of these being carbon.

Steel structures are assembly of structural steel shapes joined together by means of ______, bolted or welded connections according to specification/standard.

Structural Steel Based on carbon content Low Carbon Steel $c extless 0.15 ext{%}$, Mild Steel $c = 0.15 ext{%} - 0.29 ext{%}$, Medium Carbon Steel $c = 0.30 ext{%} - 0.59 ext{%}$, High Carbon Steel $c = 0.60 ext{%} - 1.70 ext{%}$. Increase in carbon content ______ strength Decrease ductility.

In general, there are two procedures by which steel shapes can be formed; Hot-rolled *temperature above recrystallization temperature (that temperature at which the crystal lattice structure of the metal becomes reoriented.) *by rolling hot steel in semi solid state. Cold-formed *temperature below recrystallization temperature * rolling sheets from sheets, plates or flats in rolling machines or by ______ breaking.

Hot rolling is a mill process which involves rolling the steel at a high temperature (typically at a temperature over 1700°F or 950°C), which is above the steel’s recrystallization temperature. From the yield strength and ductility point of view hot rolled steel sections have high strength and more life span. The ______ Shape

Hot rolling is a mill process which involves rolling the steel at a high temperature (typically at a temperature over 1700°F or 950°C), which is above the steel’s recrystallization temperature. From the yield strength and ductility point of view hot rolled steel sections have high strength and more life span. The American Standard Beam (c) ______

Cold-formed steel (CFS) goods are created by the working of thin steel sheets using stamping, rolling or presses to deform the steel sheets into a proper product which are usable. The buckling property is used to analyze the strength of elements. Thicknesses usually having 0.4 mm to 7 mm CFS construction process should be of at least 280 MPa as there is a trend to use the steel sheets of more yield strength. STEEL STRUCTURES Steel is used structurally in two ways – Reinforcement steel – Structural steel Steel – strong in tension and used to produce a reinforced concrete. Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. [Blank] sections

HSS-Shape (Hollow structural section): also known as SHS /structural hollow section and including square, rectangular and circular (pipe). Steel Tubes/circular hollow steel: Inner diameter varying from 15 to 150mm. Thickness varying from 2 to 5.4mm. Efficient structural sections for formwork and trusses STEEL STRUCTURES 1. [Blank] sections

HSS-Shape (Hollow structural section): also known as SHS /structural hollow section and including square, rectangular and circular (pipe). Steel Tubes/circular hollow steel: Inner diameter varying from 15 to 150mm. Thickness varying from 2 to 5.4mm. Efficient structural sections for formwork and trusses STEEL STRUCTURES 1. Angle Sections (ISA) Two legs might be equal in length or not Extensively used in structural steel works like roof trusses, and as connecting members for different structures. [Blank] might be equal in length or not

T-sections: Resembles the alphabet T Designated by overall dimensions and thickness. Widely used as members of the steel roof truss and form built – up sections. Channel Sections: Widely used for beams and columns. 11 STEEL STRUCTURES 5. I – Sections ______ and most economical of all sections Used as columns, beams, purlins in trusses and grillage foundations. Most structural steel shapes, such as I-beams are very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area and thus can support a high load without. [Blank] and most economical of all sections