Browsers and Their Features

Browsers

• Types of Browsers:
  • Graphical browsers (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)
  • Text-based browsers (e.g., Lynx)
  • Mobile browsers (e.g., Safari, Chrome for Android)
• Key Features:
  • Rendering engine: converts HTML, CSS, and JavaScript into visual content
  • Cache: stores frequently-visited websites to reduce loading times
  • Cookies: small text files storing user preferences and authentication information
  • Plug-ins and extensions: add functionality to the browser (e.g., ad blockers, password managers)
• Browser Security:
  • HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): encrypts data transmission between browser and server
  • SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security): cryptographic protocols for secure data transmission
  • Same-origin policy: restricts web pages from accessing resources from different origins

Networking

• Network Topologies:
  • Physical topologies: describe the physical arrangement of devices (e.g., bus, star, ring)
  • Logical topologies: describe the flow of data between devices (e.g., broadcast, unicast, multicast)
• Network Protocols:
  • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): suite of protocols for internetworking
  • IPv4 and IPv6: address formats for identifying devices on a network
  • DNS (Domain Name System): translates domain names to IP addresses
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): protocol for transferring data over the web
• Network Devices:
  • Routers: connect multiple networks and direct traffic between them
  • Switches: connect multiple devices within a network and direct traffic between them
  • Gateways: connect multiple networks and provide access to the internet
  • Modems: connect devices to the internet via a broadband or dial-up connection

Browsers

• Types of browsers include graphical browsers like Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox, text-based browsers like Lynx, and mobile browsers like Safari and Chrome for Android
• Rendering engine is a key feature of browsers, converting HTML, CSS, and JavaScript into visual content
• Browsers use cache to store frequently visited websites, reducing loading times
• Cookies are small text files that store user preferences and authentication information
• Plug-ins and extensions can add functionality to browsers, such as ad blockers and password managers

Browser Security

• HTTPS encrypts data transmission between browser and server, ensuring secure communication
• SSL/TLS are cryptographic protocols that enable secure data transmission
• Same-origin policy restricts web pages from accessing resources from different origins, preventing unauthorized access

Networking

• Physical topologies describe the physical arrangement of devices in a network, including bus, star, and ring topologies
• Logical topologies describe the flow of data between devices, including broadcast, unicast, and multicast
• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that enables internetworking, allowing devices to communicate with each other
• IPv4 and IPv6 are address formats used to identify devices on a network
• DNS translates domain names to IP addresses, enabling users to access websites using easy-to-remember domain names
• HTTP is a protocol for transferring data over the web, enabling communication between clients and servers

Network Devices

• Routers connect multiple networks and direct traffic between them, enabling data exchange between networks
• Switches connect multiple devices within a network, directing traffic between them
• Gateways connect multiple networks and provide access to the internet
• Modems connect devices to the internet via broadband or dial-up connections