Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between growth and development?

Growth refers to quantitative changes, while development refers to progressive changes. (correct)

Growth refers to increase in size, while development refers to increase in weight.

Growth refers to biological processes, while development refers to environmental influences.

Growth refers to physical changes, while development refers to mental changes.

What does maturation account for in growth and development?

Maturation accounts for cognitive development.

Maturation accounts for age-related changes in growth and development. (correct)

Maturation accounts for language development.

Maturation accounts for socioemotional development.

Which domain of development refers to the ability to process information, solve problems, and acquire knowledge?

Cognitive development (correct)

Language development

Physical development

Socioemotional development

What is the interaction between an individual’s inherited traits and his surroundings known as?

Environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence involves the ability to produce and appreciate pitch, rhythm, and melody?

Musical Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of learning consisting of the acquisition of new ways of responding to stimuli?

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Who would most likely have a high level of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

Nurses Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of classical conditioning refers to the decrease in responses if the conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus over time?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What theory states that learning consists of acquiring new ways to respond to stimuli developed through attaching new stimuli to established behavior modes?

Theory of Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Who would most likely have a high level of interpersonal intelligence?

Politicians Signup and view all the answers

What is the process in operant conditioning where some responses are reinforced successively?

Successive approximation Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky's theory, which of the following plays a vital role in cognitive development?

Social interaction Signup and view all the answers

In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what are the three ways through which cultural tools can be transmitted?

Imitative learning, instructed learning, collaborative learning Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky's theory, at what stage do children use speech for the purpose of communication to other people?

Social speech Signup and view all the answers

What does the Zone of Proximal Development refer to according to Vygotsky's theory?

The difference between what the child can accomplish alone and with guidance Signup and view all the answers

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory, what does the Microsystem refer to?

The immediate environment in which the child lives Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of moral reasoning is one motivated by fear of punishment?

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Signup and view all the answers

At which level does moral reasoning depend on enduring or consistent principles according to the text?

Post-conventional level Signup and view all the answers

What are Vygotsky's three stages in children's use of language?

Inner speech, egocentric speech, social speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Vygotsky's modes of cultural transmission according to the text?

Experiential Learning Signup and view all the answers

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory, what does the Mesosystem refer to?

The interaction between microsystems in a person's life Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of moral reasoning is one motivated by what others expect in behavior and values how they will appear to others?

Stage 3: Social Approval Signup and view all the answers

In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what does scaffolding refer to?

Assistance provided by more competent peers or adults to enable task success Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of the child to classify objects according to physical characteristics?

Classification Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the child master the Conservation of Length and Weight?

Concrete Operational Stage Signup and view all the answers

What does Erikson's Psychosocial Theory maintain develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development?

Personality Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of the child to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem?

Analogical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of the child to think logically about things that are only possible and not necessarily real or concrete?

Abstract thinking Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the child experience a psychosocial crisis related to Trust Vs Mistrust?

Trust Vs Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of the child to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume, or size?

Seriation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the child's ability to perceive the different features of objects and situations?

De-centering Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive?

Transductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the ability to come up with different hypotheses about a problem and gather data to make a final decision or judgment?

Hypothetical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

During which stage is it important for parents or teachers to encourage children to become more independent whilst at the same time protecting them from constant failure?

Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

Which ecological system involves the interconnections between microsystems such as the interaction between family and teachers?

Mesosystem Signup and view all the answers

According to Marcia’s Identity Status Theory, what is the state in which adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identities?

Identity confusion/diffusion Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the needs for appreciation and respect?

Esteem needs Signup and view all the answers

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which intelligence is characterized by well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words?

Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which ecological system consists of settings that indirectly affect a child’s development, such as parent’s workplace and mass media?

Exosystem Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the most fundamental needs vital to our survival?

Physiological or biological needs Signup and view all the answers

According to Marcia’s Identity Status Theory, what is the state in which individuals commit to an identity without exploring options?

Foreclosure Signup and view all the answers

In Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence, which intelligence is characterized by the ability to think conceptually and abstractly and detect logical or numerical patterns?

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

According to Marcia’s Identity Status Theory, what is the state in which individuals who have explored different options, discovered their purpose, and have made identity commitments?

Identity achievement Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the needs for meaningful and affectionate relationships?

Love and belonging or social needs Signup and view all the answers

. What does the Macrosystem in ecological systems involve?

Ideologies of a child’s culture. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Chronosystem in ecological systems refer to?

Context of time and includes patterns of stability and change. Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, which part of the personality is driven by the 'pleasure principle'?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What is the key erogenous zone in the Anal stage of Psychosexual Development according to Freud?

Anus Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own emotions or desires to an external object or person?

Projection Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what refers to the child's tendency to arrange available schemata into coherent systems or body of knowledge?

Organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the last part of the personality to develop according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Superego Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, what does fixation refer to?

An obsessive drive involving an object, concept, or person Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Psychosexual Development involves needs related to identifying with gender role models?

Phallic Signup and view all the answers

'Turning hate into love' is an example of which defense mechanism according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Reaction formation Signup and view all the answers

'Redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to 'safe' object' is an example of which defense mechanism according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Displacement Signup and view all the answers

What is Piaget's view of children as constructivists?

Active seekers who respond to the environment according to their understanding of its essential features Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, which part of the personality is driven by the 'reality principle'?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptation refer to according to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?

Adjusting to the demands of the environment Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosocial stage does a child need to cope with social and academic demands?

Identity Vs Role Confusion (12 to 18 years) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does an older adult contemplate his or her accomplishments and can develop integrity if he or she sees themselves as leading a successful life?

Ego Integrity Vs Despair (65 years and over) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves a young adult exploring relationships leading toward longer-term commitments?

Intimacy Vs Isolation (19 to 40 years) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves an adult creating or nurturing things that will outlast them?

Generativity Vs Stagnation (40 to 65 years) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does a child interact regularly with other children at school, and failure to encourage the child's initiative may lead to feelings of inferiority?

Industry Vs Inferiority (6 to 11 years) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does an infant develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on the consistency of caregiving?

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 months) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage focuses on a preschooler's exploration and developing a sense of purpose?

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does an adult begin to share himself or herself more intimately with others?

Intimacy vs. Isolation (19 to 40 years) Signup and view all the answers

"Toilet Training" is associated with which psychosocial stage?

"Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" (2 to 3 years) Signup and view all the answers

"Reflection on Life" is associated with which stage?

Maturity (65 to death) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is characterized by exploration of possibilities and forming one's own identity?

Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does an adult feel unproductive if they fail in creating or nurturing things that will outlast them?

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 years) Signup and view all the answers

What is accommodation?

Changing existing cognitive structures to apprehend environment events Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and perform actions accordingly?

Reflexes stage Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'irreversibility' refer to in pre-operational children?

The inability to reverse their thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is object permanence?

The ability to know that an object still exists even when out of sight Signup and view all the answers

What is egocentrism in the context of the preoperational stage?

The tendency of the child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone also has his same point of view Signup and view all the answers

What does animism refer to in the context of the text?

The tendency of children to attribute human-like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by assimilation?

Fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created cognitive structure or schema Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'centration' refer to in the context described?

The tendency to only focus on one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other aspects Signup and view all the answers

During which sub-stage does the child begin to think about and act on the world internally?

Representation (18-24 months) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Growth and Development

Growth refers to the physical changes that occur in an individual, while development refers to the physical, emotional, and psychological changes that occur throughout an individual's lifespan.
Maturation accounts for the genetic or biological aspects of growth and development.

Domains of Development

Cognitive development refers to the ability to process information, solve problems, and acquire knowledge.

Intelligence

Musical intelligence involves the ability to produce and appreciate pitch, rhythm, and melody.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves the ability to control body movements and manipulate objects.
Interpersonal intelligence involves the ability to understand and interact with others.

Conditioning

Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning consisting of the acquisition of new ways of responding to stimuli.
Operant conditioning refers to the process of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences.
In operant conditioning, shaping refers to the process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.

Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory

Vygotsky's theory states that learning consists of acquiring new ways to respond to stimuli developed through attaching new stimuli to established behavior modes.
According to Vygotsky, social interaction plays a vital role in cognitive development.
The three ways cultural tools can be transmitted are through language, symbols, and social interaction.
Children use speech for communication to others at the social speech stage.
The Zone of Proximal Development refers to the range of knowledge that children can learn with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory

The Microsystem refers to the immediate environment that directly affects a child's development, such as family and school.
The Mesosystem refers to the interconnections between microsystems, such as the interaction between family and teachers.
The Macrosystem refers to the broader cultural and societal context that indirectly affects a child's development.

Moral Reasoning

At the pre-conventional level, moral reasoning is motivated by fear of punishment or reward.
At the post-conventional level, moral reasoning depends on enduring or consistent principles.

Language Development

Vygotsky's three stages of children's use of language are social speech, egocentric speech, and inner speech.

Cognitive Development

The term for the ability of the child to classify objects according to physical characteristics is categorization.
The term for the ability of the child to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem is transitive reasoning.
The term for the ability of the child to think logically about things that are only possible and not necessarily real or concrete is hypothetical reasoning.
The term for the ability of the child to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume, or size is seriation.
The term for the child's ability to perceive the different features of objects and situations is feature detection.
The term for the child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive is abductive reasoning.

Identity Development

According to Marcia's Identity Status Theory, the state in which adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identities is foreclosure.
The state in which individuals commit to an identity without exploring options is foreclosure.
The state in which individuals who have explored different options, discovered their purpose, and have made identity commitments is achievement.

Multiple Intelligences

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, linguistic intelligence is characterized by well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words.
Logical-mathematical intelligence is characterized by the ability to think conceptually and abstractly and detect logical or numerical patterns.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological needs refer to the most fundamental needs vital to our survival.
Safety needs refer to the needs for security and stability.
Love and belonging needs refer to the needs for meaningful and affectionate relationships.
Esteem needs refer to the needs for appreciation and respect.

Chronosystem

The Chronosystem refers to the temporal context that affects a child's development, such as the timing of events and transitions.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

The id is the part of the personality driven by the 'pleasure principle'.
The superego is the last part of the personality to develop.
Fixation refers to the failure to resolve conflicts at a particular stage of psychosexual development.
The defense mechanism of projection involves attributing one's own emotions or desires to an external object or person.
The defense mechanism of displacement involves redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to a 'safe' object.

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to the environment through assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation refers to the process of incorporating new information into existing schemata.
Accommodation refers to the process of changing existing schemata to fit new information.
Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
Egocentrism in the context of the preoperational stage refers to the child's inability to take other people's perspectives.
Animism refers to the attribution of human-like qualities to non-human objects or events.
Centration refers to the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect other aspects.

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Description

Explore the concepts of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, including the innermost ecological system, the mesosystem, and their impact on child development.