Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

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What is the difference between growth and development?

Growth refers to quantitative changes, while development refers to progressive changes.

What does maturation account for in growth and development?

Maturation accounts for age-related changes in growth and development.

Which domain of development refers to the ability to process information, solve problems, and acquire knowledge?

Cognitive development

What is the interaction between an individual’s inherited traits and his surroundings known as?

Environmental influences

Which type of intelligence involves the ability to produce and appreciate pitch, rhythm, and melody?

Musical Intelligence

What is the process of learning consisting of the acquisition of new ways of responding to stimuli?

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Who would most likely have a high level of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

Nurses

Which feature of classical conditioning refers to the decrease in responses if the conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus over time?

Extinction

What theory states that learning consists of acquiring new ways to respond to stimuli developed through attaching new stimuli to established behavior modes?

Theory of Conditioning

Who would most likely have a high level of interpersonal intelligence?

Politicians

What is the process in operant conditioning where some responses are reinforced successively?

Successive approximation

According to Vygotsky's theory, which of the following plays a vital role in cognitive development?

Social interaction

In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what are the three ways through which cultural tools can be transmitted?

Imitative learning, instructed learning, collaborative learning

According to Vygotsky's theory, at what stage do children use speech for the purpose of communication to other people?

Social speech

What does the Zone of Proximal Development refer to according to Vygotsky's theory?

The difference between what the child can accomplish alone and with guidance

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory, what does the Microsystem refer to?

The immediate environment in which the child lives

At which stage of moral reasoning is one motivated by fear of punishment?

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience

At which level does moral reasoning depend on enduring or consistent principles according to the text?

Post-conventional level

What are Vygotsky's three stages in children's use of language?

Inner speech, egocentric speech, social speech

Which of the following is NOT one of Vygotsky's modes of cultural transmission according to the text?

Experiential Learning

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory, what does the Mesosystem refer to?

The interaction between microsystems in a person's life

At which stage of moral reasoning is one motivated by what others expect in behavior and values how they will appear to others?

Stage 3: Social Approval

In Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what does scaffolding refer to?

Assistance provided by more competent peers or adults to enable task success

What is the term for the ability of the child to classify objects according to physical characteristics?

Classification

During which stage does the child master the Conservation of Length and Weight?

Concrete Operational Stage

What does Erikson's Psychosocial Theory maintain develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development?

Personality

What is the term for the ability of the child to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem?

Analogical reasoning

What is the term for the ability of the child to think logically about things that are only possible and not necessarily real or concrete?

Abstract thinking

During which stage does the child experience a psychosocial crisis related to Trust Vs Mistrust?

Trust Vs Mistrust

What is the term for the ability of the child to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume, or size?

Seriation

What is the term for the child's ability to perceive the different features of objects and situations?

De-centering

What is the term for the child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive?

Transductive reasoning

What refers to the ability to come up with different hypotheses about a problem and gather data to make a final decision or judgment?

Hypothetical reasoning

During which stage is it important for parents or teachers to encourage children to become more independent whilst at the same time protecting them from constant failure?

Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt

Which ecological system involves the interconnections between microsystems such as the interaction between family and teachers?

Mesosystem

According to Marcia’s Identity Status Theory, what is the state in which adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identities?

Identity confusion/diffusion

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the needs for appreciation and respect?

Esteem needs

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which intelligence is characterized by well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words?

Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence

Which ecological system consists of settings that indirectly affect a child’s development, such as parent’s workplace and mass media?

Exosystem

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the most fundamental needs vital to our survival?

Physiological or biological needs

According to Marcia’s Identity Status Theory, what is the state in which individuals commit to an identity without exploring options?

Foreclosure

In Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence, which intelligence is characterized by the ability to think conceptually and abstractly and detect logical or numerical patterns?

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

According to Marcia’s Identity Status Theory, what is the state in which individuals who have explored different options, discovered their purpose, and have made identity commitments?

Identity achievement

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need refers to the needs for meaningful and affectionate relationships?

Love and belonging or social needs

. What does the Macrosystem in ecological systems involve?

Ideologies of a child’s culture.

What does the Chronosystem in ecological systems refer to?

Context of time and includes patterns of stability and change.

According to Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, which part of the personality is driven by the 'pleasure principle'?

Id

What is the key erogenous zone in the Anal stage of Psychosexual Development according to Freud?

Anus

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own emotions or desires to an external object or person?

Projection

According to Piaget, what refers to the child's tendency to arrange available schemata into coherent systems or body of knowledge?

Organization

What is the last part of the personality to develop according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Superego

In Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, what does fixation refer to?

An obsessive drive involving an object, concept, or person

Which stage of Psychosexual Development involves needs related to identifying with gender role models?

Phallic

'Turning hate into love' is an example of which defense mechanism according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Reaction formation

'Redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to 'safe' object' is an example of which defense mechanism according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Displacement

What is Piaget's view of children as constructivists?

Active seekers who respond to the environment according to their understanding of its essential features

According to Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, which part of the personality is driven by the 'reality principle'?

Ego

What does adaptation refer to according to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?

Adjusting to the demands of the environment

During which psychosocial stage does a child need to cope with social and academic demands?

Identity Vs Role Confusion (12 to 18 years)

In which stage does an older adult contemplate his or her accomplishments and can develop integrity if he or she sees themselves as leading a successful life?

Ego Integrity Vs Despair (65 years and over)

Which stage involves a young adult exploring relationships leading toward longer-term commitments?

Intimacy Vs Isolation (19 to 40 years)

Which stage involves an adult creating or nurturing things that will outlast them?

Generativity Vs Stagnation (40 to 65 years)

In which stage does a child interact regularly with other children at school, and failure to encourage the child's initiative may lead to feelings of inferiority?

Industry Vs Inferiority (6 to 11 years)

During which stage does an infant develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on the consistency of caregiving?

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 months)

Which stage focuses on a preschooler's exploration and developing a sense of purpose?

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)

During which stage does an adult begin to share himself or herself more intimately with others?

Intimacy vs. Isolation (19 to 40 years)

"Toilet Training" is associated with which psychosocial stage?

"Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" (2 to 3 years)

"Reflection on Life" is associated with which stage?

Maturity (65 to death)

Which stage is characterized by exploration of possibilities and forming one's own identity?

Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years)

In which stage does an adult feel unproductive if they fail in creating or nurturing things that will outlast them?

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 years)

What is accommodation?

Changing existing cognitive structures to apprehend environment events

During which stage do children acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and perform actions accordingly?

Reflexes stage

What does the term 'irreversibility' refer to in pre-operational children?

The inability to reverse their thinking

What is object permanence?

The ability to know that an object still exists even when out of sight

What is egocentrism in the context of the preoperational stage?

The tendency of the child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone also has his same point of view

What does animism refer to in the context of the text?

The tendency of children to attribute human-like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects

What is meant by assimilation?

Fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created cognitive structure or schema

What does the term 'centration' refer to in the context described?

The tendency to only focus on one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other aspects

During which sub-stage does the child begin to think about and act on the world internally?

Representation (18-24 months)

Study Notes

Growth and Development

  • Growth refers to the physical changes that occur in an individual, while development refers to the physical, emotional, and psychological changes that occur throughout an individual's lifespan.
  • Maturation accounts for the genetic or biological aspects of growth and development.

Domains of Development

  • Cognitive development refers to the ability to process information, solve problems, and acquire knowledge.

Intelligence

  • Musical intelligence involves the ability to produce and appreciate pitch, rhythm, and melody.
  • Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves the ability to control body movements and manipulate objects.
  • Interpersonal intelligence involves the ability to understand and interact with others.

Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning consisting of the acquisition of new ways of responding to stimuli.
  • Operant conditioning refers to the process of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences.
  • In operant conditioning, shaping refers to the process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.

Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory

  • Vygotsky's theory states that learning consists of acquiring new ways to respond to stimuli developed through attaching new stimuli to established behavior modes.
  • According to Vygotsky, social interaction plays a vital role in cognitive development.
  • The three ways cultural tools can be transmitted are through language, symbols, and social interaction.
  • Children use speech for communication to others at the social speech stage.
  • The Zone of Proximal Development refers to the range of knowledge that children can learn with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory

  • The Microsystem refers to the immediate environment that directly affects a child's development, such as family and school.
  • The Mesosystem refers to the interconnections between microsystems, such as the interaction between family and teachers.
  • The Macrosystem refers to the broader cultural and societal context that indirectly affects a child's development.

Moral Reasoning

  • At the pre-conventional level, moral reasoning is motivated by fear of punishment or reward.
  • At the post-conventional level, moral reasoning depends on enduring or consistent principles.

Language Development

  • Vygotsky's three stages of children's use of language are social speech, egocentric speech, and inner speech.

Cognitive Development

  • The term for the ability of the child to classify objects according to physical characteristics is categorization.
  • The term for the ability of the child to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem is transitive reasoning.
  • The term for the ability of the child to think logically about things that are only possible and not necessarily real or concrete is hypothetical reasoning.
  • The term for the ability of the child to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume, or size is seriation.
  • The term for the child's ability to perceive the different features of objects and situations is feature detection.
  • The term for the child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive is abductive reasoning.

Identity Development

  • According to Marcia's Identity Status Theory, the state in which adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identities is foreclosure.
  • The state in which individuals commit to an identity without exploring options is foreclosure.
  • The state in which individuals who have explored different options, discovered their purpose, and have made identity commitments is achievement.

Multiple Intelligences

  • According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, linguistic intelligence is characterized by well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words.
  • Logical-mathematical intelligence is characterized by the ability to think conceptually and abstractly and detect logical or numerical patterns.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Physiological needs refer to the most fundamental needs vital to our survival.
  • Safety needs refer to the needs for security and stability.
  • Love and belonging needs refer to the needs for meaningful and affectionate relationships.
  • Esteem needs refer to the needs for appreciation and respect.

Chronosystem

  • The Chronosystem refers to the temporal context that affects a child's development, such as the timing of events and transitions.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

  • The id is the part of the personality driven by the 'pleasure principle'.
  • The superego is the last part of the personality to develop.
  • Fixation refers to the failure to resolve conflicts at a particular stage of psychosexual development.
  • The defense mechanism of projection involves attributing one's own emotions or desires to an external object or person.
  • The defense mechanism of displacement involves redirecting emotion from a 'dangerous' object to a 'safe' object.

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

  • Adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to the environment through assimilation and accommodation.
  • Assimilation refers to the process of incorporating new information into existing schemata.
  • Accommodation refers to the process of changing existing schemata to fit new information.
  • Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
  • Egocentrism in the context of the preoperational stage refers to the child's inability to take other people's perspectives.
  • Animism refers to the attribution of human-like qualities to non-human objects or events.
  • Centration refers to the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect other aspects.

Explore the concepts of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, including the innermost ecological system, the mesosystem, and their impact on child development.

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