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Questions and Answers
What is the scientific name of the phytoplasma that causes little leaf disease in brinjal?
What is the scientific name of the phytoplasma that causes little leaf disease in brinjal?
Which of the following nutrients is NOT provided by brinjal?
Which of the following nutrients is NOT provided by brinjal?
What is the primary method for controlling the little leaf disease in brinjal?
What is the primary method for controlling the little leaf disease in brinjal?
Which insect is mainly responsible for spreading the phytoplasma that causes little leaf disease?
Which insect is mainly responsible for spreading the phytoplasma that causes little leaf disease?
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Brinjal is primarily cultivated in which of the following regions?
Brinjal is primarily cultivated in which of the following regions?
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What happens to the cells in brinjal affected by phytoplasma infection?
What happens to the cells in brinjal affected by phytoplasma infection?
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Which of the following statements regarding the growth conditions of brinjal is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding the growth conditions of brinjal is accurate?
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What impact does the little leaf disease have on brinjal crops?
What impact does the little leaf disease have on brinjal crops?
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What is the primary effect of gibberellin suppression in plants?
What is the primary effect of gibberellin suppression in plants?
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Which hormone is mainly affected by phytoplasma infection through gene expression down-regulation?
Which hormone is mainly affected by phytoplasma infection through gene expression down-regulation?
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What primary symptom is associated with cytokinin overproduction in plants?
What primary symptom is associated with cytokinin overproduction in plants?
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What results from the lack of cell elongation due to cytokinin overproduction?
What results from the lack of cell elongation due to cytokinin overproduction?
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Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for cell division?
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for cell division?
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How does phytoplasma infection affect auxin levels in plants?
How does phytoplasma infection affect auxin levels in plants?
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Which of the following best describes the effect of reduced auxin levels on plant growth?
Which of the following best describes the effect of reduced auxin levels on plant growth?
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What is the primary role of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in plants?
What is the primary role of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in plants?
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What is the primary factor causing reduced leaf size in brinjal affected by little leaf disease?
What is the primary factor causing reduced leaf size in brinjal affected by little leaf disease?
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Who first documented little leaf disease in brinjal?
Who first documented little leaf disease in brinjal?
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What role do leafhoppers play in the transmission of little leaf disease?
What role do leafhoppers play in the transmission of little leaf disease?
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Which environmental condition is most favorable for the transmission of little leaf disease?
Which environmental condition is most favorable for the transmission of little leaf disease?
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What is the primary way phytoplasma enters the plant?
What is the primary way phytoplasma enters the plant?
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What impact does phytoplasma have on plant processes?
What impact does phytoplasma have on plant processes?
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What factor can significantly influence the spread of little leaf disease in brinjal?
What factor can significantly influence the spread of little leaf disease in brinjal?
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How do dense plantings affect little leaf disease transmission?
How do dense plantings affect little leaf disease transmission?
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What characteristic symptom is associated with Little Leaf Disease in brinjal?
What characteristic symptom is associated with Little Leaf Disease in brinjal?
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Which of the following methods is NOT a cultural practice for managing Little Leaf Disease in brinjal?
Which of the following methods is NOT a cultural practice for managing Little Leaf Disease in brinjal?
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Which insecticides are recommended for vector management of Little Leaf Disease?
Which insecticides are recommended for vector management of Little Leaf Disease?
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Which of the following is a sign of nutrient transport interference caused by phytoplasma in plants?
Which of the following is a sign of nutrient transport interference caused by phytoplasma in plants?
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What is a characteristic of the 'bushy appearance' symptom in brinjal affected by Little Leaf Disease?
What is a characteristic of the 'bushy appearance' symptom in brinjal affected by Little Leaf Disease?
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When should sowing be adjusted to minimize risk associated with leafhoppers?
When should sowing be adjusted to minimize risk associated with leafhoppers?
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What is one of the biological control methods mentioned for managing Little Leaf Disease?
What is one of the biological control methods mentioned for managing Little Leaf Disease?
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What type of fruits are typical in brinjal plants affected by Little Leaf Disease?
What type of fruits are typical in brinjal plants affected by Little Leaf Disease?
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Study Notes
Brinjal Overview
- Botanical name: Solanum melongena
- Family: Solanaceae
- Origin: India
- Cultivation: Widely grown in Asia, Egypt, France, Italy, and the United States
- Hardiness: Hardy crop, adaptable to dry areas with low irrigation
- Nutritional Value: Moderate source of vitamins (C, B1, B2, B5, K) and minerals (Potassium, manganese, copper, phosphorus)
- Growing Season: Can be grown year-round
- Global Production: India is the second largest producer after China
- Major Growing States in India: West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.
Little Leaf Disease of Brinjal
- Causal Agent: Phytoplasma trifolii (a bacteria-like organism)
- Habitat: Lives inside the plant's phloem (food-carrying tubes)
- Transmission: Spread by leafhoppers, primarily Hishimonus phycitis
- Detection: Requires specialized lab tests, such as PCR
- Impact: Can cause significant damage to eggplant crops
Symptoms of Little Leaf Disease
- Tiny leaves (1/3 to 1/4 normal size)
- Short leaf stalks
- Yellow, soft, and thin leaves
- Stunted plant growth
- Bushy appearance
- Leaf-like flowers (phyllody)
- Plant sterility
- Malformed, tough fruits
- Loss of thorns in thorny varieties
- General yellowing (chlorosis)
How Phytoplasma Causes Little Leaf Disease
- Interference with Meristem Activity: Phytoplasma disrupts the normal function of meristems (regions of active cell division and elongation), leading to reduced cell elongation and increased cell number in leaves, resulting in smaller leaves.
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Hormonal Imbalances:
- Gibberellin: Phytoplasma interferes with gibberellin biosynthesis, causing lower levels of the hormone, which can contribute to excessive shoot proliferation (witches' broom) and small leaves.
- Auxin: Phytoplasma downregulates the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis, leading to reduced auxin levels in meristematic tissues, causing stunted growth and smaller leaves.
- Cytokinin: Phytoplasma can manipulate cytokinin levels, leading to abnormal shoot proliferation (e.g., "witch's broom") and stunted leaf development. Overproduction of cytokinins can inhibit cell elongation, resulting in smaller leaves.
Control Measures
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Vector Management:
- Insecticide Application: Use Malathion, Profenofos, or Cypermethrin to target leafhopper vectors.
- Trapping: Install yellow sticky traps to divert leafhoppers.
- Biological Control: Use Trichogammae wasps as a biocontrol agent.
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Cultural Practices:
- Sanitation: Remove and destroy infected plants and eradicate susceptible weed hosts.
- Crop Management: Practice crop rotation and remove volunteer plants.
- Timing Adjustments: Adjust sowing time to avoid peak leafhopper activity (October to December).
- Resistant Varieties: Plant disease-resistant cultivars (e.g., ISD006, BL114, and BL095).
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Chemical Control & Integrated Approach:
- Antibiotic Treatment: Spray tetracycline hydrochloride.
- Integrated Approach: Combine multiple control strategies, including vector control, cultural practices, and chemical control.
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Description
Explore the fascinating details about Brinjal (Solanum melongena), including its cultivation, nutritional value, and global production. Gain insights into the Little Leaf Disease caused by Phytoplasma trifolii, its symptoms, transmission, and impacts on eggplant crops.
