Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of engineering bricks?
What is the primary purpose of engineering bricks?
- To offer high strength and durability (correct)
- To be lightweight and easy to handle
- To ensure high thermal insulation
- To provide an attractive appearance
Which type of brick comprises 60% of all clay brick production?
Which type of brick comprises 60% of all clay brick production?
- Calcium silicate bricks
- Engineering bricks
- Wire-cut bricks
- Pressed bricks (correct)
What is the standard block size mentioned for blocks?
What is the standard block size mentioned for blocks?
- 400 x 200 x 100mm
- 440 x 215 x 100mm (correct)
- 440 x 215 x 75mm
- 460 x 220 x 100mm
What is a key characteristic of lightweight blocks?
What is a key characteristic of lightweight blocks?
What combination of materials is used to make calcium silicate bricks?
What combination of materials is used to make calcium silicate bricks?
What is the primary cause of durability problems in brickwork?
What is the primary cause of durability problems in brickwork?
Which type of brick structure is generally more frost-resistant?
Which type of brick structure is generally more frost-resistant?
What is NOT a performance requirement of external walls?
What is NOT a performance requirement of external walls?
What structural feature enhances the stability of a wall?
What structural feature enhances the stability of a wall?
Which type of wall is described as consisting of an outer skin of brick and an inner skin of block?
Which type of wall is described as consisting of an outer skin of brick and an inner skin of block?
What is a characteristic of English Bond in brickwork?
What is a characteristic of English Bond in brickwork?
What modification is often made in English Bond for garden walls?
What modification is often made in English Bond for garden walls?
What indicates rising dampness in brick walls?
What indicates rising dampness in brick walls?
What does the U-value represent in the context of fabric heat loss?
What does the U-value represent in the context of fabric heat loss?
Which formula is used to calculate the rate of ventilation heat loss?
Which formula is used to calculate the rate of ventilation heat loss?
What is the primary factor that contributes to ventilation heat loss in a building?
What is the primary factor that contributes to ventilation heat loss in a building?
How is total heat loss determined?
How is total heat loss determined?
Which variable is NOT part of the formula for calculating fabric heat loss?
Which variable is NOT part of the formula for calculating fabric heat loss?
What is the primary reason for using stretchers more frequently than headers in bricklaying?
What is the primary reason for using stretchers more frequently than headers in bricklaying?
In Flemish Bond, what is the arrangement of headers and stretchers in each course?
In Flemish Bond, what is the arrangement of headers and stretchers in each course?
Which of the following defines Flemish Garden Wall bond?
Which of the following defines Flemish Garden Wall bond?
What distinguishes early cavity walls in the 1920s from later constructions?
What distinguishes early cavity walls in the 1920s from later constructions?
Why did some internal leaves begin to be constructed from blockwork in the 1930s?
Why did some internal leaves begin to be constructed from blockwork in the 1930s?
What material slowly replaced lightweight aggregates in blocks by the late 1970s?
What material slowly replaced lightweight aggregates in blocks by the late 1970s?
What feature is common in the construction of Flemish bond houses from the Georgian and Victorian periods?
What feature is common in the construction of Flemish bond houses from the Georgian and Victorian periods?
In the context of wall structures, what does 'DPC' stand for?
In the context of wall structures, what does 'DPC' stand for?
What is the main benefit of using lightweight blocks in modern cavity walls?
What is the main benefit of using lightweight blocks in modern cavity walls?
What is the recommended spacing for wall ties in modern cavity walls?
What is the recommended spacing for wall ties in modern cavity walls?
What advantage does thin joint masonry provide compared to conventional construction methods?
What advantage does thin joint masonry provide compared to conventional construction methods?
Which of the following is a characteristic of timber frame construction?
Which of the following is a characteristic of timber frame construction?
What type of heat loss is characterized by the loss of heat through building elements?
What type of heat loss is characterized by the loss of heat through building elements?
What is the purpose of the quick-setting thin bed mortar in thin joint masonry?
What is the purpose of the quick-setting thin bed mortar in thin joint masonry?
Which U-value range is associated with the Kingspan TEK Building System?
Which U-value range is associated with the Kingspan TEK Building System?
Why is closer spacing of wall ties required around window and door openings?
Why is closer spacing of wall ties required around window and door openings?
Flashcards
Clay Bricks
Clay Bricks
Bricks made from clay and shale, fired in a kiln. Available in various colors and textures.
Types of Clay Bricks
Types of Clay Bricks
Clay bricks come in "common" and "engineering" types; common bricks are less strong and often used for their appearance, whereas engineering bricks focus on durability and strength.
Calcium Silicate Bricks
Calcium Silicate Bricks
Made from sand, flint, and lime; known for regularity and a variety of colors.
Dense Blocks
Dense Blocks
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Block Sizes
Block Sizes
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Frost Damage in Bricks
Frost Damage in Bricks
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Frost Resistance (Bricks)
Frost Resistance (Bricks)
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Efflorescence
Efflorescence
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Rising Dampness
Rising Dampness
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Cavity Wall
Cavity Wall
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English Bond
English Bond
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External Wall Stability
External Wall Stability
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Solid Walls (Brickwork)
Solid Walls (Brickwork)
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Fabric Heat Loss
Fabric Heat Loss
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U-value
U-value
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Ventilation Heat Loss
Ventilation Heat Loss
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Air Infiltration Rate
Air Infiltration Rate
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Total Heat Loss
Total Heat Loss
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Cavity Wall Insulation
Cavity Wall Insulation
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Wall Ties
Wall Ties
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U-Value Requirements
U-Value Requirements
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Thin Joint Masonry
Thin Joint Masonry
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Timber Frame Construction
Timber Frame Construction
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Kingspan TEK Building System
Kingspan TEK Building System
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Fabric Loss
Fabric Loss
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Ventilation Loss
Ventilation Loss
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What is Flemish Bond?
What is Flemish Bond?
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Stretchers in Flemish Bond
Stretchers in Flemish Bond
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Headers in Flemish Bond
Headers in Flemish Bond
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Queen Closers
Queen Closers
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What is Flemish Garden Wall bond?
What is Flemish Garden Wall bond?
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Early Cavity Walls
Early Cavity Walls
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Lightweight Blocks
Lightweight Blocks
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Study Notes
External Walls
- External walls are the most common type of cavity wall
- Cavity walls consist of an outer skin of brick and an inner skin of block with thermal insulation in the cavity
- Performance requirements for external walls include stability, moisture resistance, sound insulation, thermal insulation, and fire resistance
- The stability of the wall is determined by the type of material used, the construction of the wall and its design and stiffness
- Stiffness of the wall is determined by the design, piers, buttresses, and lateral restraint, and the type of load
Learning Outcomes
- Students should understand what bricks are
- Students should understand what blocks are
- Students should understand what solid walls are
- Students should understand what cavity walls are
- Students should understand what wall details are
- Students should understand what thin joint masonry is
- Students should understand what heat loss is
Building Regulations
- Buildings must be constructed to sustain the combined dead, imposed, and wind loads safely and without causing excessive deflection or deformation of any part of the building.
- Ground movement like swelling, shrinkage or freezing of the subsoil, land-slip, and subsidence will not impair building stability
- All aspects of external walls must comply with building regulations
Types of Clay Bricks
- Common bricks are ordinary bricks, not designed for appearance or strength. They are the cheapest option
- Facing bricks are used for their appearance and categorized into Press Bricks (60% of production) and Wire-cut Bricks (30% of production, usually have one textured side)
- Engineering bricks are designed for strength and durability
Types of Blocks
- Dense blocks, made from cement, sand, and crushed gravel, provide good sound insulation for load-bearing partitions. They should be at least 75mm thick
- Lightweight blocks, made from lightweight aggregates. They provide good thermal insulation
Block Sizes
- Blocks are equivalent to 6 bricks (3 high and 2 long)
- Standard block sizes are 440 x 215 x 100mm
Durability
- Most durability problems stem from moisture penetration
- Main types of damage include frost damage (freezing of water below brick surface) and other problems like efflorescence and dampness
- Bricks with coarse pore structures generally resist frost damage better than those with fine pores
Brickwork Terminology
- Key terms used in brickwork include perp joints, queen closers, bed joints, stretchers, and headers
Calcium Silicate (Sand Lime) Bricks
- Made by blending finely ground sand or flint and lime in a 10:1 ratio
- High degree of regularity
- Wide range of colors
Heat Loss
- Heat losses from a building can be categorized as fabric loss or ventilation loss
- Fabric loss is from heat transfer through walls, roofs, and floors.
- Ventilation loss is heat loss due to warm air replacement with cold air
Calculation of Heat Loss
- The rate of fabric heat loss (P₁) can be calculated as U x A x ∆t.
- Where:
- U is the U-value of the building element (W/m²K).
- A is the area of the element (m²).
- ∆t is the temperature difference between the inside and outside ( °C).
- Ventilation loss (P₁) is calculated as C₂ x N x V x ∆t where:
- C₂ is the volumetric specific heat capacity of air (J/m³K).
- N is the air infiltration rate, or the number of complete air changes per hour.
- V is the volume of the room (m³).
- ∆t is the air temperature difference between inside and outside (°C).
Modern Cavity Walls
- Modern cavity walls use lightweight blocks with brick outer leaf with partial or clear cavity fill
Wall Ties
- Wall ties are spaced at 900mm horizontally and 450mm vertically in a staggered arrangement
- Closer spacing required around window and door openings
Early Cavity Walls
- Early cavity walls (prior to 1960s) were built from different materials like bricks and lightweight blocks made of aggregates like clinker or pumice
- By the 1970s, lightweight blocks were becoming the norm to provide improved thermal insulation
Timber Frame Construction
- Timber frame construction is fast, with good quality control due to pre-fabrication
- It has reduced dependence on traditional "wet" skills, reduced dead load, and good thermal insulation
Thin Joint Masonry
- Thin joint masonry is a fast-building method commonly using dimensionally accurate blocks with quick-setting thin bed mortar.
- This method significantly speeds up construction time
Sill Details
- Horizontal DPC (Damp Proof Course) protect the underside of sills
- Need for DPC depends on sill
Types of Bonds
- English Bond: Headers in one course; stretchers in next; Queen closer keeps bond.
- Flemish Bond: Headers and stretchers alternate in each course; Queen closer keeps bond.
- Garden Wall bond: Less headers than other English and Flemish bonds. Quicker to lay.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of brick engineering with this quiz. Explore key characteristics, production statistics, and structural features important in the field of brickwork. Challenge yourself and see how much you know about different types of bricks and their specific properties.
