Breastfeeding and Mammary Glands Quiz

<p>To produce milk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased estrogen levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides all needed nutrients, no need for supplemental vitamins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote breastfeeding as the ideal method of infant nutrition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensures the infant is always at the correct temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influence on the infant's microbiome and epigenetics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formula feeding is more affordable in developing countries where safe water is scarce. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketone bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It modifies the substrate specificity of galactosyltransferase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the allergenicity of breast milk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to glucose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are released by a process of budding and pinching off. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesized from blood glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone inhibits prolactin's action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contract to expel milk from alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suckling stimulates prolactin release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes how the milk is actually released from the breast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fore milk is lower in fat, while hind milk is higher in fat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactation can have unpredictable effects on menstrual cycles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the production of lactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher fat content helps induce satiation in the infant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colostrum is higher in protein and lower in fat, while mature milk has more fat and fewer proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal fluctuations can lead to variations in breast milk components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the only cells capable of producing milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bovine milk is richer in minerals and proteins compared to human milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactoferrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks essential nutrients that are crucial for infant growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote and protect breastfeeding by restricting the marketing of formula milk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introducing formula milk as a primary source of nutrition from birth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a more balanced nutritional profile for infants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect infants from bacterial infections by attacking bacterial cell walls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical act of breastfeeding itself burning additional calories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mother's genetic predisposition for milk production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mother's inability to produce sufficient milk for her infant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate levels of essential nutrients needed for infant development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting the use of breast milk substitutes as a viable alternative to breastfeeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone inhibits prolactin release, preventing milk production until after birth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The release of oxytocin is triggered by a nervous signal from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colostrum has a lower fat content than mature milk and a greater amount of antibodies, providing immune protection to the newborn. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fore milk is thinner and lower in fat, providing hydration for the infant, while hind milk is richer in fat, providing energy and promoting satiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin inhibits the release of GnRH, suppressing ovulation and reducing fertility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol, as it regulates stress response and plays a role in overall breast development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-lactalbumin is a protein involved in the synthesis of lactose, a primary sugar in breast milk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Milk fat globules are packaged into vesicles within the alveolar epithelial cells and then released by exocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above factors contribute to diurnal changes in breast milk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conception can occur before menstruation returns, making it a poor indicator of fertility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cow's milk lacks essential nutrients like iron and fatty acids needed for infant growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formula milk lacks the complex and unique antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short and medium-chain fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactalbumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forms micelles with calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates glucose for conversion to galactose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactoferrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diet and adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequesters iron, making it unavailable to pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial or total replacement of dairy fat with vegetable or marine fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Six months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing passive immunity to the infant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect and promote breastfeeding practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to provide passive immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may cause anemia due to high protein content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She is overly concerned that she can't measure the baby's intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During puberty, estrogen promotes duct branching, but progesterone primarily contributes to lobules and alveoli development during pregnancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The full development of lobules and alveoli, which are essential for milk production, is complete by the time a woman reaches full maturity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of the ducts and lobules, responsible for milk production, can vary significantly regardless of breast size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones like prolactin and oxytocin control milk synthesis and release.

Lactose is synthesized in the mammary gland from glucose and galactose.

Human milk has more antibodies; bovine milk has more protein.

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months is recommended by WHO.

Breastfeeding provides immunity, optimal nutrition, and enhances bonding.

A feeling of repulsion or lack of interest in breastfeeding.

An exocrine gland responsible for milk production.

The process of breast growth influenced by hormones during life stages.

Hormones that promote breast development and lobule growth.

Breasts cannot produce milk until pregnancy hormones are present.

Fatty acids synthesized in breast from blood glucose and ketone bodies.

Fatty acids derived from chylomicrons, VLDL, and free fatty acids in the bloodstream.

Glycerol backbone for triglycerides is made from blood glucose.

Milk fats are synthesized in the ER and enter alveolus as membrane-bound globules.

A disaccharide made of galactose and glucose, synthesized from blood glucose.

Enzyme complex that synthesizes lactose, composed of protein A and B.

Casein is low solubility protein; whey remains soluble after milk clots.

Lactose provides energy, promotes gut bacteria growth, and mineral absorption.

Milk provides antibodies that protect infants during immune development.

IgA antibodies in milk protect infants from pathogens.

Lactoferrin binds iron, making it unavailable to harmful bacteria.

Milk contains high levels of leukocytes, mainly macrophages, for immune support.

Infant formula alters proteins and adds ingredients for infant nutrition.

Untreated cow's milk is not recommended for infants under 12 months.

A WHO framework promoting breastfeeding and regulating infant feeding marketing.

Infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months for optimal health.

Dilation of the alveolar lumen and growth of duct-lobule-alveolus during pregnancy.

A peptide hormone that stimulates lactation and is produced in the anterior pituitary.

Prolactin levels rise during pregnancy but are inhibited by progesterone from the placenta.

Suckling sends nervous signals that promote prolactin release for milk production.

A nonapeptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that causes milk ejection.

The process by which oxytocin causes myoepithelial cells to contract and expel milk.

Lactation delays ovulation and menstruation due to elevated prolactin levels.

Milk contains fats, proteins, and lactose, with variations in human and bovine milk.

The first milk produced post-birth, rich in nutrients and antibodies, less fat.

Fore milk is lower in fat, while hind milk, produced later, is higher in fat.

Produced after the transitional phase, containing lower IgA and higher volume.

Lipids provide about 50% of the energy content in milk, including fats and vitamins.

Prolactin and oxytocin promote milk synthesis and ejection, respectively.

Less-differentiated breast cells during pregnancy are at higher risk for cancer, but pregnancy offers some protection.

Prolactin from the anterior pituitary and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary regulate lactation.

Breast milk contains all necessary nutrients for infant growth and development.

Breast milk provides antibodies that reduce infection rates in infants.

Breastfeeding supports maternal health by increasing antibody levels and aiding postpartum weight loss.

Breastfeeding provides tailored nutrition, while formula feeding lacks some natural benefits.

The WHO aims for exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months for infant health.

Breasts begin with few alveoli at birth, develop structure during puberty.

Breast size increases due to fat deposition and connective tissue growth from hormones.

Breasts cannot produce milk until pregnancy hormones are present.

Problems in getting the baby to securely attach to the breast for feeding.

Short and medium chain fatty acids are synthesized in the breast from blood glucose and ketone bodies.

Longer chain fatty acids are sourced from chylomicrons, VLDL, and free fatty acids in the bloodstream.

IgA antibodies protect infants from infections and are found in high levels in milk.

The glycerol backbone for triglycerides is made from blood glucose.

Lactoferrin sequesters iron, making it less available to bacteria, thus reducing infections.

Lactose is a disaccharide made of galactose linked to glucose with a β-1,4 linkage.

Lactose synthase consists of two proteins: β-D-galactosyltransferase and lactalbumin.

Milk contains a high number of leukocytes, mainly macrophages, which help fight infections.

Infant formula modifies cow's milk to better match human milk and adds essential nutrients.

Casein proteins have low solubility and form complexes with calcium.

Whey proteins remain in solution after milk is clotted.

Lactose provides energy, supports good gut bacteria, and enhances mineral absorption.

The WHO advises exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months for optimal infant health.

Final differentiation of breast tissue cells occurs at the end of pregnancy.

Less differentiated breast cells during pregnancy may be more cancerous; pregnancy offers some cancer protection.

Prolactin is a peptide hormone from the anterior pituitary, key for milk synthesis.

Progesterone from the placenta opposes the action of prolactin during pregnancy.

Oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary and triggers milk ejection during feeding.

Suckling stimulates prolactin release and milk production; intensity affects yield.

Lactation can suppress normal menstrual cycles and ovulation, affecting fertility.

Mature milk after 2–3 weeks has low IgA and high volume for infant nourishment.

Lipids make up about 50% of milk's energy, including essential fats and vitamins.

Milk composition can change based on maternal diet, hormonal levels, and feeding times.

Progesterone and estrogens facilitate breast tissue development during pregnancy.

Breast milk provides complete nutrition, including proteins, fats, and antibodies for infants.