Branches of Science

Branches of Science

• Natural Sciences:
  • Biology: study of living organisms and their interactions
  • Chemistry: study of the properties, composition, and reactions of matter
  • Physics: study of the natural world around us, including energy, matter, and the fundamental laws of the universe
• Formal Sciences:
  • Mathematics: study of numbers, quantities, and shapes
  • Logic: study of reasoning and argumentation
• Applied Sciences:
  • Engineering: application of scientific knowledge to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems
  • Medicine: application of scientific knowledge to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases
  • Technology: application of scientific knowledge to create new products, services, and processes

Scientific Method

1. Observation: making observations about the world around us
2. Question: asking questions about what we observe
3. Hypothesis: proposing a possible explanation for what we observe
4. Prediction: making predictions based on our hypothesis
5. Experimentation: designing and conducting experiments to test our hypothesis
6. Analysis: analyzing the data collected during experimentation
7. Conclusion: drawing conclusions based on our analysis
8. Communication: sharing our findings with others

Scientific Principles

• Empiricism: knowledge comes from experience and observation
• Objectivity: scientific knowledge is independent of personal biases and opinions
• ** Parsimony**: simpler explanations are preferred over more complex ones
• Repeatability: scientific findings should be reproducible and consistent

Types of Scientific Research

• Basic Research: seeking to understand a phenomenon or principle
• Applied Research: seeking to solve a practical problem or develop a new product
• Qualitative Research: focuses on non-numerical data, such as text, images, and observations
• Quantitative Research: focuses on numerical data, such as statistics and measurements

Branches of Science

• Natural Sciences:
  • Study of living organisms and their interactions: Biology
  • Properties, composition, and reactions of matter: Chemistry
  • Natural world, energy, matter, and fundamental laws of the universe: Physics

Formal Sciences

+ Study of numbers, quantities, and shapes: Mathematics
+ Reasoning and argumentation: Logic

Applied Sciences

+ Design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems: Engineering
+ Diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases: Medicine
+ Create new products, services, and processes: Technology

Scientific Method

+ Observe the world around us
+ Ask questions about what we observe
+ Propose a possible explanation: Hypothesis
+ Make predictions based on our hypothesis
+ Design and conduct experiments to test our hypothesis
+ Analyze the data collected during experimentation
+ Draw conclusions based on our analysis
+ Share our findings with others

Scientific Principles

+ Knowledge comes from experience and observation: Empiricism
+ Scientific knowledge is independent of personal biases and opinions: Objectivity
+ Simpler explanations are preferred over more complex ones: Parsimony
+ Scientific findings should be reproducible and consistent: Repeatability

Types of Scientific Research

+ Seek to understand a phenomenon or principle: Basic Research
+ Seek to solve a practical problem or develop a new product: Applied Research
+ Focus on non-numerical data, such as text, images, and observations: Qualitative Research
+ Focus on numerical data, such as statistics and measurements: Quantitative Research