Branches of Science

Branches of Science

• Natural Sciences:
  • Biology: study of living organisms and their interactions
  • Chemistry: study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter
  • Physics: study of the natural world around us, including energy, matter, and the fundamental laws of the universe
• Formal Sciences:
  • Mathematics: study of numbers, quantities, and shapes
  • Logic: study of reasoning and argumentation
• Applied Sciences:
  • Engineering: application of scientific principles to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems
  • Medicine: application of scientific principles to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases

Scientific Method

• Steps:
  1. Observation: identify a problem or question
  2. Hypothesis: propose a possible explanation
  3. Prediction: make a prediction based on the hypothesis
  4. Experimentation: design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
  5. Analysis: analyze the data collected during the experiment
  6. Conclusion: draw a conclusion based on the data analysis
  7. Communication: communicate the results to others

Scientific Principles

• Empiricism: scientific knowledge comes from observation and experimentation
• Objectivity: scientific conclusions are based on evidence and data, not personal opinions or biases
• Parsimony: simpler explanations are preferred over more complex ones
• Falsifiability: scientific theories must be testable and potentially disprovable
• Repeatability: scientific experiments must be reproducible and yield consistent results

Branches of Science

• Biology studies living organisms and their interactions
• Chemistry studies the composition, properties, and reactions of matter
• Physics studies the natural world, including energy, matter, and the fundamental laws of the universe
• Mathematics studies numbers, quantities, and shapes
• Logic studies reasoning and argumentation
• Engineering applies scientific principles to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems
• Medicine applies scientific principles to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases

Scientific Method

Steps of the Scientific Method

• Identify a problem or question through observation
• Propose a possible explanation through hypothesis
• Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
• Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
• Analyze the data collected during the experiment
• Draw a conclusion based on the data analysis
• Communicate the results to others

Scientific Principles

• Empiricism: scientific knowledge comes from observation and experimentation
• Objectivity: scientific conclusions are based on evidence and data, not personal opinions or biases
• Parsimony: simpler explanations are preferred over more complex ones
• Falsifiability: scientific theories must be testable and potentially disprovable
• Repeatability: scientific experiments must be reproducible and yield consistent results