Branches of Science

Branches of Science

• Natural Sciences: study of natural phenomena and laws of nature
  • Biology: study of living organisms and their interactions
  • Chemistry: study of composition, properties, and reactions of matter
  • Physics: study of energy, matter, and the fundamental laws of the universe
• Formal Sciences: study of formal systems and languages
  • Mathematics: study of numbers, quantities, and shapes
  • Logic: study of reasoning and argumentation
  • Computer Science: study of computation, algorithms, and information
• Applied Sciences: practical application of scientific knowledge
  • Engineering: application of scientific principles to design, build, and maintain structures and systems
  • Medicine: application of scientific principles to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases
  • Technology: application of scientific principles to develop new products and processes

Scientific Method

• Observation: identification of a problem or phenomenon
• Hypothesis: formulation of a tentative explanation
• Prediction: formulation of a testable statement
• Experimentation: testing of the hypothesis through experimentation
• Analysis: interpretation of data and results
• Conclusion: drawing of a conclusion based on the results

Characteristics of Science

• Objectivity: scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence and observation
• Empiricism: scientific knowledge is derived from sense experience and observation
• Skepticism: scientific knowledge is open to revision and correction
• Parsimony: scientific explanations should be simple and elegant
• Repeatability: scientific experiments should be reproducible and consistent

Types of Science

• Basic Science: research driven by curiosity and a desire to understand natural phenomena
• Applied Science: research driven by practical problems and a desire to develop solutions
• Interdisciplinary Science: integration of multiple disciplines to study complex phenomena
• Citizen Science: involvement of non-experts in scientific research and data collection

Branches of Science

• Natural Sciences study natural phenomena and laws of nature, comprising:
  • Biology, which focuses on living organisms and their interactions
  • Chemistry, which examines the composition, properties, and reactions of matter
  • Physics, which investigates energy, matter, and the fundamental laws of the universe
• Formal Sciences study formal systems and languages, including:
  • Mathematics, which deals with numbers, quantities, and shapes
  • Logic, which explores reasoning and argumentation
  • Computer Science, which covers computation, algorithms, and information
• Applied Sciences involve practical applications of scientific knowledge, encompassing:
  • Engineering, which applies scientific principles to design, build, and maintain structures and systems
  • Medicine, which applies scientific principles to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases
  • Technology, which develops new products and processes through scientific principles

Scientific Method

• Observation involves identifying a problem or phenomenon
• Hypothesis formulation provides a tentative explanation
• Prediction generates a testable statement
• Experimentation tests the hypothesis through experimentation
• Analysis interprets data and results
• Conclusion draws a conclusion based on the results

Characteristics of Science

• Objectivity ensures scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence and observation
• Empiricism derives scientific knowledge from sense experience and observation
• Skepticism leaves scientific knowledge open to revision and correction
• Parsimony prioritizes simple and elegant scientific explanations
• Repeatability ensures scientific experiments are reproducible and consistent

Types of Science

• Basic Science research is driven by curiosity and a desire to understand natural phenomena
• Applied Science research is driven by practical problems and a desire to develop solutions
• Interdisciplinary Science integrates multiple disciplines to study complex phenomena
• Citizen Science involves non-experts in scientific research and data collection

Classification of Organisms

• In the five kingdom system, Monera includes unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that lack a true nucleus.
• Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista are the other four kingdoms in the five kingdom system.

Plant Divisions

• Angiosperms are characterized by having vascular tissue, producing seeds, and often having flowers and fruits.
• Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Bryophytes are other plant divisions.

Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are unique among plants because they produce seeds enclosed within fruits.

Phylum Arthropoda

• Insecta is a class of animals that belongs to the phylum Arthropoda.

Subphylum Vertebrata

• The subphylum Vertebrata is characterized by having a notochord or backbone.
• Other characteristics of Vertebrata include bilateral symmetry and segmented body.

Class of Vertebrates

• Reptilia is a class of vertebrates that lay eggs and has dry, scaly skin.

Animal Locomotion

• Locomotion with the help of setae is characteristic of Nereis.

Evolution

• Evolution is the gradual change in populations of organisms over time.

Classification Basis

• The classification of organisms is based on their genetic similarities and evolutionary relationships.