Branches of Science

Study Notes

Natural Sciences: Study of natural phenomena and laws of the universe
- Physics: Study of matter, energy, and the fundamental laws of the universe
- Biology: Study of living organisms and their interactions
- Chemistry: Study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter
Formal Sciences: Study of abstract systems and structures
- Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, and shapes
- Logic: Study of reasoning and argumentation
Applied Sciences: Practical application of scientific knowledge
- Engineering: Application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build structures, machines, and systems
- Medicine: Application of scientific knowledge to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases
- Technology: Application of scientific knowledge to develop new products, processes, and systems

Observation: Identify a problem or phenomenon to be studied
Hypothesis: Formulate a tentative explanation for the phenomenon
Prediction: Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
Experimentation: Design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis
Analysis: Analyze the data collected during the experiment
Conclusion: Draw a conclusion based on the results of the experiment
Communication: Share the results with others through publication and presentation

Basic Science: Research driven by curiosity and a desire to understand natural phenomena
Applied Science: Research driven by a practical problem or goal
Interdisciplinary Science: Research that combines multiple disciplines to study a complex problem or issue

Natural Sciences study natural phenomena and laws of the universe, encompassing Physics (matter, energy, and fundamental laws), Biology (living organisms and interactions), and Chemistry (composition, properties, and reactions of matter)
Formal Sciences study abstract systems and structures, including Mathematics (numbers, quantities, and shapes) and Logic (reasoning and argumentation)
Applied Sciences involve practical application of scientific knowledge, such as Engineering (design and building structures, machines, and systems), Medicine (diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases), and Technology (developing new products, processes, and systems)

The scientific method begins with Observation (identifying a problem or phenomenon)
A Hypothesis is formulated to provide a tentative explanation for the phenomenon
A Prediction is made based on the hypothesis
Experimentation involves designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis
Analysis of the collected data is crucial to the scientific method
A Conclusion is drawn based on the results of the experiment
Results are shared with others through Communication (publication and presentation)

A Scientific Theory is a well-substantiated explanation for a set of phenomena
A Law is a statement describing a consistent pattern of behavior
A Hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon
A Variable is a factor that can be changed or manipulated in an experiment
A Control is a standard against which the results of an experiment are compared
Empirical Evidence consists of data collected through observation and experimentation

Basic Science is research driven by curiosity and a desire to understand natural phenomena
Applied Science is research driven by a practical problem or goal
Interdisciplinary Science combines multiple disciplines to study complex problems or issues