Branches of Chemistry

Branches of Chemistry

• Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds, which are typically mineral-based and do not contain carbon.
• Organic Chemistry: Study of organic compounds, which contain carbon and are typically found in living organisms.
• Physical Chemistry: Study of the physical properties and behavior of matter at the molecular and atomic level.
• Analytical Chemistry: Study of the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances.
• Biochemistry: Study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.

Chemical Bonding

• Atomic Bonding: Atoms share or exchange electrons to form bonds.
  • Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in a positive and negative ion.
• Molecular Bonding: Bonds between atoms within a molecule.
  • Sigma Bond: Bond formed by end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals.
  • Pi Bond: Bond formed by side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals.

Chemical Reactions

• Synthesis Reaction: Two or more substances combine to form a new compound.
• Decomposition Reaction: A single compound breaks down into two or more substances.
• Replacement Reaction: One element replaces another element in a compound.
• Combustion Reaction: A substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light.

Chemical Properties

• Acid: A substance that donates a proton (H+ ion).
• Base: A substance that accepts a proton (H+ ion).
• pH: A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
• Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reaction: A reaction involving the transfer of electrons.

Laboratory Techniques

• Chromatography: Separation of mixtures based on differences in properties.
• Spectroscopy: Study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
• Titration: Measuring the amount of a substance by reacting it with a known amount of another substance.

Branches of Chemistry

• Inorganic chemistry studies inorganic compounds, typically mineral-based and without carbon.
• Organic chemistry focuses on organic compounds, containing carbon and found in living organisms.
• Physical chemistry examines physical properties and behavior of matter at molecular and atomic levels.
• Analytical chemistry analyzes and identifies chemical composition of substances.
• Biochemistry explores chemical processes within living organisms.

Chemical Bonding

Atomic Bonding

• Atoms form bonds by sharing or exchanging electrons.
• Covalent bonds involve electron sharing between atoms.
• Ionic bonds form through electron transfer, resulting in positive and negative ions.

Molecular Bonding

• Bonds form between atoms within a molecule.
• Sigma bonds result from end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals.
• Pi bonds form through side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals.

Chemical Reactions

• Synthesis reactions combine two or more substances to form a new compound.
• Decomposition reactions involve a single compound breaking down into two or more substances.
• Replacement reactions involve one element replacing another in a compound.
• Combustion reactions occur when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light.

Chemical Properties

• Acids donate protons (H+ ions).
• Bases accept protons (H+ ions).
• pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
• Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve electron transfer.

Laboratory Techniques

• Chromatography separates mixtures based on property differences.
• Spectroscopy studies the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
• Titration measures the amount of a substance by reacting it with a known amount of another substance.