Branches of Chemistry Overview

Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds, such as minerals and salts.
Organic Chemistry: Study of organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Physical Chemistry: Study of the physical properties and behavior of matter at the molecular and atomic level.
Analytical Chemistry: Study of the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances.
Biochemistry: Study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.

Atomic Orbitals: Regions around an atom where an electron is likely to be found.
Molecular Orbitals: Region around a molecule where an electron is likely to be found.
Chemical Bond: Attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule.
Types of Bonds:
- Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
- Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Hydrogen Bond: Weak electrostatic attraction between atoms.

Chemical Equation: Representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols.
Reactants: Substances that undergo a chemical change.
Products: Substances formed as a result of a chemical change.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis Reaction: Combination of two or more substances to form a new compound.
- Decomposition Reaction: Breakdown of a single substance into two or more substances.
- Replacement Reaction: Substitution of one element or group with another.

Chromatography: Separation of mixtures based on differences in properties.
Spectroscopy: Study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
Titration: Quantitative analysis of a substance by reacting it with a known amount of another substance.

Inorganic chemistry focuses on compounds that do not primarily contain carbon, including minerals and salts.
Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, primarily hydrocarbons and their derivatives, which form the basis of life.
Physical chemistry combines principles of physics with chemistry, examining how matter behaves and its energy changes at the molecular and atomic levels.
Analytical chemistry involves methods and techniques to determine the composition and concentration of substances, enabling identification and quantification.
Biochemistry explores the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms, bridging biology and chemistry.

Atomic orbitals describe regions surrounding an atom where the probability of finding electrons is highest.
Molecular orbitals represent areas around a molecule where electrons can be found, resulting from the combination of atomic orbitals.
A chemical bond is the attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule, enabling the formation of compounds.
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions that attract each other.
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share pairs of electrons, forming strong connections within molecules.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker electrostatic attractions that can occur between molecules, playing a crucial role in the structure of water and biological macromolecules.

A chemical equation serves as a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, using formulas and symbols to depict the involved substances.
Reactants are the starting materials that undergo transformation during a chemical reaction, while products are the new substances formed.
Synthesis reactions involve combining two or more reactants to produce a single new compound, a fundamental type of chemical reaction.
Decomposition reactions feature the breakdown of a single reactant into two or more products, reversing synthesis processes.
Replacement reactions occur when one element or group is exchanged for another in a compound, often seen in single or double replacement formats.

The mole is a fundamental unit in chemistry used to quantify the amount of substance, defined as containing approximately 6.022 x 10²³ particles.
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, typically expressed in grams per mole, critical for stoichiometric calculations.
The empirical formula provides the simplest integer ratio of elements in a compound, reflecting its basic composition.
The molecular formula offers precise information on the actual number of each type of atom present in a molecule, which can be a multiple of the empirical formula.

Chromatography is a method for separating components in a mixture based on differing physical or chemical properties, widely used in analytical chemistry.
Spectroscopy involves studying how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation, allowing for the identification of substances based on their spectral patterns.
Titration is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration, often involving an indicator that signals the end of the reaction.