Branches of Chemistry

Branches of Chemistry

• Inorganic Chemistry: studies the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds, which are typically derived from mineral sources.
• Organic Chemistry: focuses on the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Physical Chemistry: explores the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and phenomena.
• Analytical Chemistry: deals with the analysis and identification of substances.
• Biochemistry: examines the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.

Atomic Structure

• Atoms: the smallest units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Protons: positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus.
• Neutrons: particles with no charge that reside in the nucleus.
• Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
• Valence Electrons: outermost electrons involved in chemical bonding.

Chemical Bonding

• Chemical Bonds: attractive forces that hold atoms together.
• Covalent Bonds: formed when atoms share electrons.
• Ionic Bonds: formed when electrons are transferred between atoms.
• Polar Covalent Bonds: formed when electrons are shared unequally.

Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Equations: symbolic representations of chemical reactions.
• Reactants: substances that undergo a chemical change.
• Products: substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Acids and Bases

• Acids: substances that donate a proton (H+).
• Bases: substances that accept a proton (H+).
• pH: a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).
• pH Scale: a scale ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.

Branches of Chemistry

• Inorganic Chemistry studies inorganic compounds derived from mineral sources.
• Organic Chemistry focuses on the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Physical Chemistry explores the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and phenomena.
• Analytical Chemistry deals with the analysis and identification of substances.
• Biochemistry examines the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.

Atomic Structure

• Atoms are the smallest units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Protons are positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus.
• Neutrons are particles with no charge that reside in the nucleus.
• Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
• Valence electrons are the outermost electrons involved in chemical bonding.

Chemical Bonding

• Chemical bonds are attractive forces that hold atoms together.
• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons.
• Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred between atoms.
• Polar covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared unequally.

Chemical Reactions

• Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions.
• Reactants are substances that undergo a chemical change.
• Products are substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Acids and Bases

• Acids are substances that donate a proton (H+).
• Bases are substances that accept a proton (H+).
• pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).
• pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.