Branches of Biology

Botany: study of plants and their interactions with the environment
Zoology: study of animals and their interactions with the environment
Microbiology: study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Ecology: study of the relationships between organisms and their environment
Genetics: study of heredity, genes, and genetic information
Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms
Molecular Biology: study of the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules
Cell Biology: study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells
Evolutionary Biology: study of the processes that have shaped the diversity of life on Earth

Carbohydrates: provide energy and structure for organisms (e.g. sugars, starches, cellulose)
Proteins: perform a wide range of functions in the body (e.g. enzymes, hormones, structural proteins)
Lipids: provide energy and structure for organisms (e.g. fats, oils, cholesterol)
Nucleic Acids: store and transmit genetic information (e.g. DNA, RNA)

Cell Membrane: selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes occur
Nucleus: contains the cell's genetic material
Mitochondria: produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

Photosynthesis: process by which plants and some other organisms produce energy from sunlight
Cellular Respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
Gene Expression: process by which the information in a gene's DNA is converted into a functional product
Meiosis: process by which gametes (sperm and egg cells) are produced
Mitosis: process by which somatic cells divide to produce two daughter cells

Natural Selection: process by which populations evolve over time in response to environmental pressures
Speciation: process by which a new species emerges from an existing one
Phylogeny: study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Adaptation: trait that has evolved to help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment

Botany: Focuses on plant life and their environmental interactions, including growth, reproduction, and classification.
Zoology: Examines animal species, their behaviors, and ecological dynamics with their habitats.
Microbiology: Investigates microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi, exploring their roles in health and the ecosystem.
Ecology: Studies the interrelationships between living organisms and their surroundings, emphasizing ecosystem balance and biodiversity.
Genetics: Explores heredity, gene structure, mutation, and inheritance patterns among organisms.
Biochemistry: Analyzes biochemical processes in organisms, including metabolism, enzyme function, and cellular signaling.
Molecular Biology: Investigates biological molecules' interactions, focusing on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
Cell Biology: Analyzes cell structure and function, emphasizing cellular processes and communication.
Evolutionary Biology: Explores the history of life on Earth, examining the mechanisms of evolution and species diversification.

Carbohydrates: Serve as primary energy sources and structural components, comprising sugars, cellulose, and starches.
Proteins: Involved in numerous bodily functions, including catalysis (enzymes), signaling (hormones), and structure (muscle fibers).
Lipids: Provide energy storage and cellular structure; include fats, oils, and important molecules like cholesterol.
Nucleic Acids: Consist of DNA and RNA, crucial for storing and transmitting genetic information and guiding protein synthesis.

Cell Membrane: Acts as a selectively permeable boundary, regulating entry and exit of substances and offering protection.
Cytoplasm: A gel-like fluid where cellular processes and reactions occur, housing organelles essential for function.
Nucleus: Control center of the cell containing chromosomal DNA, regulating cell activity and hereditary information.
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for converting glucose into usable energy through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Plays a vital role in synthesizing proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER), facilitating transport throughout the cell.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, translating RNA into proteins essential for cellular function.

Photosynthesis: Allows autotrophs to convert sunlight into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen as byproducts.
Cellular Respiration: A metabolic process where cells oxidize glucose, generating ATP (energy currency of the cell) and releasing carbon dioxide and water.
Gene Expression: Involves transcription of DNA into RNA and translation into proteins, essential for cellular function and development.
Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division creating gametes with half the number of chromosomes, facilitating sexual reproduction.
Mitosis: A process of somatic cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells, crucial for growth and tissue repair.

Natural Selection: Mechanism driving evolution, where advantageous traits enhance survival and reproductive success, altering population gene pools over time.
Speciation: Formation of new species as populations adapt to different environments and genetic divergence occurs.
Phylogeny: Systematic study that outlines evolutionary connections between organisms, often depicted through evolutionary trees.
Adaptation: Evolutionary process leading to traits that improve an organism's capability to thrive in specific environmental conditions.