Branches of Biology and Cell Structure

Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
Cellular Respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells
Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)

Charles Darwin: proposed theory of evolution through natural selection
Natural Selection: process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Species: group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Adaptation: process by which organisms develop traits that help them survive in their environment
Fossil Record: chronological record of ancient life forms

Biodiversity: variety of species within an ecosystem
Ecosystem Services: benefits provided by ecosystems (e.g. air and water purification, soil formation)
Food Chain: sequence of organisms that eat other organisms
Food Web: complex network of food chains
Nutrient Cycle: process by which nutrients are recycled through an ecosystem

Botany is the study of plants, including their structure, growth, and evolution.
Zoology is the study of animals, including their behavior, physiology, and evolution.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and their environment, including interactions between species and their ecosystems.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur within living organisms, including the structure and function of biomolecules.
Molecular Biology is the study of biological molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates, and their interactions.
Cell Biology is the study of cellular structures and functions, including cell signaling, cell division, and cellular responses to environmental stimuli.

The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment and regulates the flow of materials in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane that contains various organelles, such as ribosomes, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum.
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm that generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes are small organelles found in the cytoplasm that are responsible for protein synthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose through a series of metabolic reactions.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

DNA is a double helix structure that contains the genetic information of an organism, encoded in the sequence of its nucleotide bases.
Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits or characteristics of an organism.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry genes and are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Inheritance is the passing of traits from one generation to the next through the transmission of genetic information.
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual, including the specific genes and alleles they possess.
Phenotype is the physical expression of an individual's genotype, including their physical characteristics and traits.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which states that all species of life have evolved over time through the process of mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow.
Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on to their offspring.
Species are groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and are the fundamental units of classification in biology.
Adaptation is the process by which organisms develop traits that help them survive and reproduce in their environment.
The fossil record is a chronological record of ancient life forms, providing evidence of the history of evolution on Earth.

Biodiversity is the variety of species within an ecosystem, including the number of species, their populations, and their distribution.
Ecosystem services are the benefits provided by ecosystems, including air and water purification, soil formation, and climate regulation.
Food chains are sequences of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level representing a different trophic level.
Food webs are complex networks of food chains, showing the relationships between different species in an ecosystem.
Nutrient cycles are the processes by which nutrients are recycled through an ecosystem, including the decomposition of organic matter and the fixation of nitrogen.