Branches of Biology

Branches of Biology

• Botany: study of plants
• Zoology: study of animals
• Microbiology: study of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, etc.)
• Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
• Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
• Molecular Biology: study of structure and function of biological molecules (DNA, proteins, etc.)
• Genetics: study of heredity and variation
• Evolutionary Biology: study of evolution and diversity of life

Cell Biology

• Cell structure: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles
• Cell function: metabolism, growth, division, response to stimuli
• Cell types: prokaryotic (bacteria), eukaryotic (plants, animals, fungi)

Genetics

• Mendelian genetics: inheritance patterns, laws of segregation and independent assortment
• Chromosomes: structure, function, and variation
• Genes: DNA sequence, expression, and regulation
• Traits: dominant, recessive, and codominant

Evolution

• Mechanisms: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow
• Evidence: fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
• Processes: speciation, adaptation, coevolution

Ecology

• Ecosystem components: biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors
• Energy flow: producers, consumers, decomposers
• Interactions: predator-prey, symbiosis, competition
• Ecosystem types: terrestrial, aquatic, marine

Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates: structure, function, and importance
• Proteins: structure, function, and importance
• Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA, and their functions
• Lipids: structure, function, and importance

Biological Processes

• Photosynthesis: light-dependent and light-independent reactions
• Respiration: cellular, aerobic, and anaerobic
• Metabolism: catabolism, anabolism, and energy production
• Homeostasis: regulation of internal environment

Branches of Biology

• Botany is the study of plants and their interactions with the environment.
• Zoology is the study of animals and their interactions with the environment.
• Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and other microbes.
• Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment, including energy flow and nutrient cycling.
• Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including metabolism and energy production.
• Molecular Biology is the study of the structure and function of biological molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, including inheritance patterns and gene expression.
• Evolutionary Biology is the study of evolution and diversity of life, including mechanisms and evidence.

Cell Biology

• Cells have key structures, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles.
• Cells have various functions, including metabolism, growth, division, and response to stimuli.
• Cells can be classified as prokaryotic (lacking a nucleus) or eukaryotic (having a nucleus).

Genetics

• Mendelian genetics involves the study of inheritance patterns, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
• Chromosomes have a specific structure and function, and can vary in number and composition.
• Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are expressed through transcription and translation.
• Traits can be dominant, recessive, or codominant, and are influenced by gene interactions.

Evolution

• Mechanisms of evolution include natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.
• Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.
• Evolutionary processes include speciation, adaptation, and coevolution.

Ecology

• Ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
• Energy flow occurs through producers, consumers, and decomposers.
• Interactions in ecosystems include predator-prey, symbiosis, and competition.
• Ecosystems can be classified as terrestrial, aquatic, or marine.

Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates have a specific structure and function, and are important for energy storage and structure.
• Proteins have a specific structure and function, and are important for enzymes, hormones, and tissue structure.
• Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information.
• Lipids have a specific structure and function, and are important for energy storage and cell membrane structure.

Biological Processes

• Photosynthesis involves light-dependent and light-independent reactions, producing glucose and oxygen.
• Respiration involves cellular, aerobic, and anaerobic processes, producing energy for the cell.
• Metabolism involves catabolism, anabolism, and energy production, and is regulated by enzymes and hormones.
• Homeostasis involves the regulation of the internal environment, including temperature, pH, and ion balance.