Brainstem

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Which descending fibre tract carries voluntary output from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?

Corticospinal tract

Which part of the brainstem subserves 'special senses' like hearing and balance?

Reticular formation

In the brainstem, what type of information do the white matter tracts carry rostrally and caudally?

Sensory rostrally, motor caudally

How does the grey matter in the brainstem differ from the grey matter in the spinal cord?

<p>It is broken up into a discontinuous series of functionally specialized nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve controls the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles?

<p>CN X</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve exit the cranium?

<p>Hypoglossal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the trigeminal nerve conveys somatic sensation from the face via the superior orbital fissure?

<p>Ophthalmic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers exit the skull via the stylomastoid foramen to innervate muscles of facial expression?

<p>Voluntary motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerve damage to which cranial nerve causes Bell Palsy?

<p>CN VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for voluntary motor to a single pharyngeal muscle?

<p>CN IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which foramen does the vagus nerve exit the cranium?

<p>Jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory fibers does the vagus nerve carry from the laryngopharynx and larynx?

<p>General sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerve damage to which cranial nerve can affect the carotid body and carotid sinus?

<p>CN IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of which type of neurons?

<p>Pseudounipolar 1° somatic sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve conveys somatic sensation from the face via the foramen rotundum?

<p>Maxillary division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerve damage to which cranial nerve can cause voluntary motor impairment to the four muscles of mastication?

<p>CN V</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex?

<p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebellum primarily control?

<p>Posture and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of input does the cerebellum receive?

<p>Proprioceptive information and vestibulo-cerebellar input</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do outputs from the cerebellum control?

<p>Body movement through the motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve controls extraocular eye muscles?

<p>Abducens nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific function does the trochlear nerve control?

<p>Eye position</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve conveys auditory sensations and balance information?

<p>Vestibulocochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve emerges from the upper cervical segments and controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

<p>Accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific symptoms can result from damage to cranial nerves?

<p>Strabismus, diplopia, ptosis, and mydriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem is connected to the cerebellum by superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles?

<p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do inputs to the cerebellum include?

<p>Proprioceptive information and vestibulo-cerebellar input</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem lies between the midbrain and the medulla?

<p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

  • The brainstem connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
  • It consists of the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla.
  • The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles.
  • The cerebellum controls posture, balance, and coordination of motor function.
  • Inputs to the cerebellum include proprioceptive information and vestibulo-cerebellar input.
  • Outputs from the cerebellum control body movement through the motor cortex.
  • The brainstem and cranial nerves have both sensory and motor components.
  • Cranial nerves convey special senses, control skeletal muscles, or have mixed functions.
  • The olfactory nerve conveys smell, the optic nerve conveys visual input, and the vestibulocochlear nerve conveys auditory sensations and balance information.
  • The oculomotor nerve controls extraocular eye muscles, the trochlear nerve controls eye position, and the abducens nerve controls eye movement.
  • The accessory nerve emerges from the upper cervical segments and controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
  • Damage to cranial nerves can cause specific symptoms such as strabismus, diplopia, ptosis, and mydriasis.

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