Brainstem and Cranial Nerves BDS2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the brainstem?

  • Chemoreception, salivation, mastication, swallowing
  • Conduit for ascending and descending pathways
  • Houses most cranial nerve nuclei
  • Production of hormones (correct)

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

  • Olfactory nerve (C.I) (correct)
  • Trochlear nerve (C.IV)
  • Optic Nerve (C.II)
  • Trigeminal (C.V)

    • Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation in the brainstem?

  • Movement control
  • Arousal (correct)
  • Mood regulation
  • Cardiovascular and respiratory centres

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the superior oblique muscle?

    <p>Trochlear nerve (C.IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is responsible for jaw reflexes in the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>Mesencephalic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is divided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve is the vagus nerve, which innervates various organs such as the trachea, lungs, and gut?

    <p>Mixed sensory and motor nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for monitoring blood pCO2/[H+] levels?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face to the thalamus?

    <p>Trigeminal principal nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lesions involving the motor facial nucleus or facial nerve in the pons, cranial cavity, or on its peripheral distribution course?

    <p>Peripheral facial palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient has a lesion in the corticobulbar fibers. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

    <p>The upper face is spared, and the lower face is affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles associated with shoulder and head movement?

    <p>Spinal accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the ext auditory meatus and eardrum?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

    <p>Monitoring balance, position, and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face to the thalamus?

    <p>Ventral trigeminothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nerve that is often referred to as the 'wandering nerve' due to its widespread distribution?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lesion would result in the entire face being affected on one side?

    <p>Lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is NOT innervated by the facial nerve?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves is responsible for motor control of the larynx, pharynx, and upper oesophagus?

    <p>Nucleus Ambiguus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is responsible for visceral sensation from the tongue, carotid body, and carotid sinus?

    <p>Nucleus Tractus Solitarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the motor control of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

    <p>Hypoglossal (C.XII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of cranial nerve pairs that arise from the brainstem?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the brainstem?

    <p>It contains both ascending and descending tracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is an exception to the rule that all cranial nerves exit/enter from the ventral surface of the CNS?

    <p>Trochlear nerve (C.IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

    <p>Monitoring hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the post 1/3 of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve?

    <p>Regulating heart rate and smooth muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles associated with shoulder and head movement?

    <p>Spinal accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lesions involving the motor facial nucleus or facial nerve in the pons, cranial cavity, or on its peripheral distribution course?

    <p>Peripheral facial palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is often referred to as the 'wandering nerve' due to its widespread distribution?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trigeminal motor nucleus?

    <p>Control of facial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion and a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion of the facial nerve?

    <p>UMN lesion affects the upper face, while LMN lesion affects the entire face on one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face to the thalamus?

    <p>Ventral trigeminothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parasympathetic component of the facial nerve?

    <p>Innervation of the salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the central facial palsy and peripheral facial palsy?

    <p>Central facial palsy affects the lower face, while peripheral facial palsy affects the entire face on one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trigeminal principal nucleus?

    <p>Transmission of sensory information from the face to the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Nucleus Ambiguus?

    <p>Modulation of phonation and swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of all cranial nerves except one?

    <p>They all exit/enter from the ventral surface of the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nerve that is often referred to as the 'wandering nerve' due to its widespread distribution?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius?

    <p>Visceral sensation from the tongue and carotid body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the brainstem in terms of life-supporting functions?

    <p>It houses the cardiovascular and respiratory centres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the substantia nigra in the brainstem?

    <p>Control of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the ext auditory meatus and eardrum?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the reticular formation in the brainstem?

    <p>Arousal and maintenance of cardiovascular and respiratory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is divided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the head and neck?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?

    <p>Relaying sensory information to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an upper motor neuron lesion and a lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve?

    <p>UMN lesion spares the upper face, while LMN lesion affects the entire face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trigeminal nerve regarding the facial muscles?

    <p>Innervation of the muscles of facial expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lesions involving the motor facial nucleus or facial nerve in the pons, cranial cavity, or on its peripheral distribution course?

    <p>Peripheral facial palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parasympathetic component of the facial nerve?

    <p>Innervation of the salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between central facial palsy and peripheral facial palsy?

    <p>Central facial palsy spares the upper face, while peripheral facial palsy affects the entire face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral trigeminothalamic tract?

    <p>Transmission of sensory information from the face to the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visceral sensory information from the carotid body and carotid sinus?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal (C.IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parasympathetic component of the vagus nerve?

    <p>Regulation of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle in the GIT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the post 1/3 of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal (C.IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the motor component of the vagus nerve?

    <p>Innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and upper oesophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles associated with shoulder and head movement?

    <p>Spinal accessory (C.XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the vagus nerve that earns it the nickname 'wandering nerve'?

    <p>It has a widespread distribution in the thorax and abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the raphe nuclei in the brainstem?

    <p>Regulation of mood and sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (C.IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the locus coeruleus in the brainstem?

    <p>Modulation of arousal and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brainstem is responsible for the integration of sensory information from the cerebellum?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the substantia nigra in the brainstem?

    <p>Movement control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the external auditory meatus and eardrum?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (C.VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor control of both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve (C.XII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Nucleus Ambiguus?

    <p>Motor control of the larynx, pharynx, and upper oesophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the brainstem is true?

    <p>It contains both ascending and descending tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the carotid body and carotid sinus?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (C.IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the brainstem in terms of life-supporting functions?

    <p>It is responsible for the regulation of vital functions such as heart rate and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the tongue, carotid body, and carotid sinus?

    <p>Nucleus Tractus Solitarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

    <p>balance, position, and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the post 1/3 of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is often referred to as the 'wandering nerve' due to its widespread distribution?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trigeminal spinal nucleus?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information from the face to the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a central facial palsy?

    <p>The upper face is spared due to bilateral innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spinal accessory nerve?

    <p>innervation of muscles associated with shoulder and head movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral trigeminothalamic tract?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information from the face to the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lesions involving the motor facial nucleus or facial nerve in the pons, cranial cavity, or on its peripheral distribution course?

    <p>Bell's palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion and a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion of the facial nerve?

    <p>UMN lesions affect the upper face, while LMN lesions affect the entire face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus?

    <p>Regulating proprioception from the jaw and facial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the corticobulbar fibers in relation to the facial nerve?

    <p>They are involved in the bilateral innervation of the upper face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Nucleus Ambiguus?

    <p>Motor control of the larynx, pharynx, and upper oesophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of all cranial nerves except one?

    <p>They all exit/enter from the ventral surface of the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius?

    <p>Visceral sensory functions, including taste and gut distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the brainstem in terms of life-supporting functions?

    <p>It houses the cardiovascular and respiratory centres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Hypoglossal nerve?

    <p>Motor control of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the raphe nuclei in the brainstem?

    <p>Regulation of emotions and mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the substantia nigra in the brainstem?

    <p>Control of voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the reticular formation in the brainstem?

    <p>Regulation of arousal and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the post 1/3 of the tongue and the carotid body and carotid sinus?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the oculomotor nerve?

    <p>Innervation of the extraocular muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial nerves are associated with “special senses”?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves have their cell bodies outside of the cranial vault?

    <p>C.I is not visible in Fig 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve will be formed by the most rostral rootlets?

    <p>C.IX (Glossopharyngeal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of cranial nerves?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is associated with visceral sensation?

    <p>C.IX (Glossopharyngeal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with the movement of the eyeball?

    <p>Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial nerves are associated with special senses?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves have their cell bodies outside of the cranial vault?

    <p>Cranial nerves XI and XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is formed by the most rostral rootlets?

    <p>Cranial nerve IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the superior oblique muscle?

    <p>Cranial nerve IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial nerves can be identified in Fig 1?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space indicated by 'A' and the large area of axon tracts on either side?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

    <p>Control of hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurotransmitter of the neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the shallow depression that separates the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

    <p>Hypothalamic sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the shallow depression that separates the thalamus and hypothalamus?

    <p>Hypothalamic sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pineal gland?

    <p>Production of melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pineal gland?

    <p>Regulation of sleep-wake cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that is protected by part of the sphenoid bone and is continuous with the midbrain?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the part of the brain that is divided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

    <p>Producing hormones, especially melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tegmentum?

    <p>Core of the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is the pituitary gland normally protected by?

    <p>The sphenoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blocks of white matter shown by the asterisks?

    <p>Pyramidal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the part of the brain that is divided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the shallow depression that separates the thalamus and hypothalamus?

    <p>Hypothalamic sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'core' of the brainstem referred to as?

    <p>Tegmentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus and hypothalamus?

    <p>Regulating body temperature and hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the part of the brain that is made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Medulla being described as a 'closed' medulla?

    <p>The pyramidal decussation occurs at this level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gracile and cuneate nuclei in the Medulla?

    <p>To process sensory information from the body, particularly from the arms and legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the anterior fissure being distorted to the left in the Medulla?

    <p>It is due to the sectioning of the brainstem during preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the spinal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the gracile and cuneate nuclei?

    <p>They process different types of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the levels shown in Figure 1?

    <p>They represent the different sections of the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the insert in Figure 4?

    <p>To show the level of the section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensation is transmitted by the spinal sensory nucleus?

    <p>Pain and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is distorted to the left due to the decussation of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Anterior fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space labeled 'A' in the diagram of the pons?

    <p>IVth ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the facial nerve (C.VII) in the pons?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information from the face to the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the substantia nigra in the midbrain?

    <p>It appears pale due to the presence of cell bodies only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract in the pons?

    <p>Motor control of voluntary muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

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