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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is responsible for the maintenance of vital functions and one’s level of arousal?
Which of the following is responsible for the maintenance of vital functions and one’s level of arousal?
- Corticobulbar tract
- Corticospinal tract
- Reticular formation in the brainstem (correct)
- Vestibulospinal tract
What is the function of the corticobulbar tract?
What is the function of the corticobulbar tract?
- Subserving special senses like hearing and balance
- Carrying voluntary output from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem, controlling the face (correct)
- Modulating posture, muscle tone, and balance
- Carrying sensory information rostrally
How does the grey matter in the brainstem differ from the grey matter in the spinal cord?
How does the grey matter in the brainstem differ from the grey matter in the spinal cord?
- Grey matter in the spinal cord is responsible for the maintenance of vital functions
- Grey matter in the brainstem is a continuous column
- Grey matter in the brainstem is broken up into a discontinuous series of functionally specialized nuclei (correct)
- Grey matter in the spinal cord subserves special senses
What is the main function of the vestibulospinal tract?
What is the main function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Which cranial nerve controls the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles?
Which cranial nerve controls the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles?
Through which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve exit the cranium?
Through which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve exit the cranium?
Which division of the trigeminal nerve conveys somatic sensation from the face via foramen rotundum?
Which division of the trigeminal nerve conveys somatic sensation from the face via foramen rotundum?
Which nerve is responsible for voluntary motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression?
Which nerve is responsible for voluntary motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression?
What type of sensory information does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) carry from the tongue?
What type of sensory information does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) carry from the tongue?
Which nerve is responsible for voluntary motor innervation of the pharynx and larynx?
Which nerve is responsible for voluntary motor innervation of the pharynx and larynx?
Which nerve carries general sensory information from the larynx and laryngopharynx?
Which nerve carries general sensory information from the larynx and laryngopharynx?
Through which foramen does the vagus nerve exit the cranium?
Through which foramen does the vagus nerve exit the cranium?
Which nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the otic ganglion?
Which nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the otic ganglion?
Which nerve is responsible for voluntary motor innervation of the four muscles of mastication?
Which nerve is responsible for voluntary motor innervation of the four muscles of mastication?
Which nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to intramural ganglia of thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Which nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to intramural ganglia of thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Which nerve carries special visceral sensory (taste) information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which nerve carries special visceral sensory (taste) information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for the control of posture, balance, and coordination of motor function?
Which part of the brainstem is responsible for the control of posture, balance, and coordination of motor function?
What connects the brainstem to the cerebellum?
What connects the brainstem to the cerebellum?
Which nerves control eye movements?
Which nerves control eye movements?
What is responsible for conveying auditory sensations and balance information?
What is responsible for conveying auditory sensations and balance information?
Which part of the brainstem is connected to the cerebellum by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles?
Which part of the brainstem is connected to the cerebellum by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
Which nerves control the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Which nerves control the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
What is responsible for the control of body movement through connections to the motor cortex?
What is responsible for the control of body movement through connections to the motor cortex?
Which part of the brainstem connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex?
Which part of the brainstem connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex?
Which part of the brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla?
Which part of the brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla?
What are the inputs to the cerebellum?
What are the inputs to the cerebellum?
What are the outputs from the cerebellum responsible for controlling?
What are the outputs from the cerebellum responsible for controlling?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
- The brainstem connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
- It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and is connected to the cerebellum by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles.
- The cerebellum is responsible for the control of posture, balance, and coordination of motor function.
- Inputs to the cerebellum include proprioceptive information, vestibulo-cerebellar input, and movement planning signals.
- Outputs from the cerebellum control body movement through connections to the motor cortex.
- The brainstem and cranial nerves have both sensory and motor components, including special senses like hearing and balance.
- The cranial nerves can be categorized based on their functions, including those that convey special senses, control skeletal muscles, and mixed cranial nerves.
- Cranial nerves that convey special senses include the olfactory nerve for smell, optic nerve for vision, and vestibulocochlear nerve for auditory sensations and balance information.
- Cranial nerves that control skeletal muscles include the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, which control eye movements.
- The accessory nerve controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and emerges from the upper cervical segments.
- The cranial nerves enter the cranium through specific foramina and are responsible for various functions related to sensory and motor control.
- The brainstem and cranial nerves form a complex and elegant system for the control of body movement and sensory perception.
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