Brain Science

The Emergence of Brain Sciences in the 19th Century

• In the 19th century, brain sciences began to develop, but the nature of the human brain remained elusive.
• The brain sciences, tied to biological theories of the body, gained prominence in the early 20th century.
• Historical theories about psychological disorders included divine punishment, spirit possession, and imbalances of the humors.
• The mentally ill were initially cared for by doctors and priests, but with the rise of capitalism, they were moved to hospitals in cities.
• The shift from family care to hospitals in cities created a new class of professional "mad doctors."
• The historical treatment of mental illness was not akin to modern psychology or psychiatry.
• The text is an excerpt from the "Biopsychology Eleventh Edition Global Edition" by John P. J. Pinel and Steven J. Barnes.
• The book provides a comprehensive overview of biopsychology, exploring the biological basis of behavior and mental processes.
• The authors are affiliated with the University of British Columbia.
• The book is an authorized adaptation from the United States edition, published by Pearson Education.
• The authors assert their rights in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
• The book is copyrighted, and no part of it may be reproduced without permission.