Brain Parts and Drugs

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Questions and Answers

What are the four main parts of the brain?

Cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum

What parts of the brain constitute the "Old Brain?"

Thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum

Which part of the brain constitutes the "New Brain?"

Cerebrum

What does the term "inhibitory" mean in the context of drug effects on neurons?

<p>It means that the drug slows down the firing process between neurons by causing the charge in the axon to become more negative, making it take longer for the neuron to reach depolarization and send an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of drugs are typically considered inhibitory?

<p>Heroin, Marijuana, Alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "excitatory" mean in the context of drug effects on neurons?

<p>It means that the drug speeds up the firing process between neurons by making the charge of the axon more positive, making it take a shorter amount of time for the neuron to depolarize and send an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of drugs are typically considered excitatory?

<p>Ecstasy, Methamphetamines, Cocaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the key steps involved in sending a nerve impulse (action potential).

<ol> <li><strong>Resting State:</strong> Neuron membrane is polarized (-70mV). 2. <strong>Depolarization:</strong> Stimulus causes threshold (-55mV) to be reached, Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in (charge becomes positive, up to +40mV). 3. <strong>Repolarization:</strong> Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ rushes out (charge becomes negative again). 4. <strong>Hyperpolarization:</strong> K+ channels close slowly, membrane potential briefly drops below resting potential (-85mV). 5. <strong>Return to Resting State:</strong> Sodium-potassium pump restores ion balance (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in), returning membrane to -70mV.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

<p>Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions are primarily controlled by the frontal lobe?

<p>Emotions, personality, decision-making, planning, and memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal lobe control?

<p>Bodily sensations such as touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and body position (proprioception).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sense is primarily processed by the occipital lobe?

<p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temporal lobe is primarily responsible for controlling which functions?

<p>Hearing, language comprehension, and processing some types of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

<p>Controls balance, coordination, posture, motor control, and stores motor memory (learned physical skills).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the brainstem mentioned?

<p>Medulla oblongata and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vital function is the medulla oblongata primarily responsible for regulating?

<p>Controlling heart rate (also involved in breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vital function is the pons primarily responsible for controlling?

<p>Controlling breathing (specifically regulating breathing patterns).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining the body's internal balance (homeostasis) is the primary responsibility of which brain structure?

<p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the corpus callosum and what is its main function?

<p>The corpus callosum is a large bundle of nerve fibers (axons) that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and coordinate activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thalamus?

<p>To act as a relay station, filtering sensory information (except smell) and transmitting it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for further processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four parts of the brain?

<p>Cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of the "Old Brain?"

<p>Thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of the "New Brain?"

<p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "inhibitory" mean?

<p>It means that the drug slows down the firing process between neurons. This happens because the drug causes the charge in the axon to become more negative, making it take longer for the neuron to reach depolarization and send an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are considered inhibitory?

<p>Heroin, marijuana, alcohol, and sometimes LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term excitatory mean?

<p>It means that the drug speeds up the firing process between neurons. This happens because the drug makes the charge of the axon more positive, making it take a shorter amount of time for the neuron to depolarize and send an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are considered excitatory?

<p>Ecstasy, methamphetamines, cocaine, and sometimes LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps involved in sending a nerve impulse?

<p>At rest, the neuron has a polarized membrane at -70mV, with more Na+ ions on the outside of the neuron and fewer K+ ions on the inside of the neuron. This makes the outside of the cell more positive than the slightly negative inside. The membrane is mostly impermeable. When the neuron receives a chemical signal from another neuron, it goes through depolarization, where the charge becomes -55mV, hitting the threshold and opening sodium voltage-gated channels and causing sodium to rush into the axon. Repolarization happens when the neuron reaches +40mV, the sodium voltage-gated channels close, and the potassium voltage-gated channels open, causing potassium to rush out of the cell. After this, hyperpolarization occurs because of the loss of potassium ions. The membrane becomes charged at -85mV, causing the potassium voltage-gated channels to close. In response, sodium-potassium pumps move 3 sodium ions out of the neuron and 2 potassium ions into the neuron, returning it to its resting state at -70mV. This process is repeated down the axon until it reaches the axon terminal and is sent to another neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of the cerebrum?

<p>frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the frontal lobe control?

<p>Emotions, personality, and memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal lobe control?

<p>Bodily sensations, sense of touch, and body position</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the occipital lobe control?

<p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the temporal lobe control?

<p>Hearing, language, and some memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebellum do?

<p>Controls balance and coordination, motor control, and motor memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of the brainstem?

<p>Medulla and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medulla responsible for?

<p>controlling heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pons responsible for?

<p>controlling breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

<p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the corpus callosum?

<p>The connection of nerves between the two hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate; opposite hemispheres control opposite sides of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the thalamus do?

<p>Filter and send information to the other parts of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main parts of the brain?

<p>Cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of the brain are sometimes referred to as the "Old Brain?"

<p>Thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is sometimes referred to as the "New Brain?"

<p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

In neuroscience, what does the term "inhibitory" mean?

<p>It means that a substance or process slows down the firing rate of neurons. This often occurs by making the neuron's internal charge more negative, increasing the difficulty of reaching the threshold for an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which common drugs are often classified as inhibitory?

<p>Heroin, marijuana, alcohol, and sometimes LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

In neuroscience, what does the term "excitatory" mean?

<p>It means that a substance or process speeds up the firing rate of neurons. This often occurs by making the neuron's internal charge more positive, making it easier to reach the threshold for an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which common drugs are often classified as excitatory?

<p>Ecstasy, methamphetamines, cocaine, and sometimes LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the key steps involved in the transmission of a nerve impulse (action potential).

<ol> <li>Resting state (polarized membrane at approx. -70mV). 2. Depolarization: Stimulus causes Na+ channels to open, Na+ rushes in, charge reaches threshold (approx. -55mV) and then rises towards +40mV. 3. Repolarization: Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ rushes out, charge becomes negative again. 4. Hyperpolarization: K+ channels close slowly, causing a brief dip below resting potential (e.g., -85mV). 5. Return to resting state: Sodium-potassium pumps restore ion balance.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

<p>Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions are primarily controlled by the frontal lobe?

<p>Emotions, personality, decision-making, planning, and aspects of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions are primarily controlled by the parietal lobe?

<p>Processing bodily sensations like touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, as well as spatial awareness and body position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function is primarily controlled by the occipital lobe?

<p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions are primarily controlled by the temporal lobe?

<p>Hearing, language comprehension, and some aspects of memory formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

<p>Controls balance, coordination, motor control, and stores motor memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the brainstem?

<p>Medulla (medulla oblongata) and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vital function is primarily regulated by the medulla?

<p>Controlling heart rate (also involved in breathing, blood pressure, swallowing).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vital function is primarily regulated by the pons?

<p>Controlling breathing (also involved in sleep cycles, relaying signals).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the hypothalamus?

<p>Maintaining homeostasis (regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, hormone release).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the corpus callosum and what is its function?

<p>It is a large bundle of nerve fibers (axons) that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thalamus?

<p>Acts as a relay station, filtering and transmitting sensory information (except smell) to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the four brain parts?

Cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum

What's in the 'Old Brain'?

Thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum

What's in the 'New Brain'?

Cerebrum

What does 'inhibitory' mean?

Slows down neuron firing by making the axon charge more negative, lengthening the time to reach depolarization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Which drugs are inhibitory?

Heroin, marijuana, alcohol, and sometimes LSD

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does 'excitatory' mean?

Speeds up neuron firing by making the axon charge more positive, shortening the time to reach depolarization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Which drugs are excitatory?

Ecstasy, methamphetamines, cocaine, and sometimes LSD

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steps to send a nerve impulse?

Resting potential (-70mV), depolarization (-55mV), repolarization (+40mV), hyperpolarization (-85mV), return to resting potential via sodium-potassium pumps.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the cerebrum's parts?

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Signup and view all the flashcards

Frontal lobe controls?

Emotions, personality, and memories

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parietal lobe controls?

Bodily sensations, sense of touch, and body position

Signup and view all the flashcards

Occipital lobe controls?

Vision

Signup and view all the flashcards

Temporal lobe controls?

Hearing, language, and some memory

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the cerebellum do?

Controls balance and coordination, motor control, and motor memory

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brainstem's two parts?

Medulla and pons

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medulla is responsible for?

Controlling heart rate

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pons is responsible for?

Controlling breathing

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Hypothalamus controls?

Homeostasis

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the corpus callosum?

The connection of nerves between the two hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate; opposite hemispheres control opposite sides of the body

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the thalamus do?

Filter and send information to the other parts of the brain

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • The four main parts of the brain are the cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum.
  • The "Old Brain" consists of the thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum.
  • The "New Brain" is the cerebrum.

Inhibitory Drugs

  • These drugs slow down the firing process between neurons.
  • They cause the charge in the axon to become more negative.
  • This makes it take longer for the neuron to reach depolarization and send an action potential.
  • Examples: Heroin, marijuana, alcohol, and sometimes LSD.

Excitatory Drugs

  • These drugs speed up the firing process between neurons.
  • They make the charge of the axon more positive.
  • This makes it take a shorter amount of time for the neuron to depolarize and send an action potential.
  • Examples: Ecstasy, methamphetamines, cocaine, and sometimes LSD.

Nerve Impulse Transmission

  • Resting state: neuron has a polarized membrane at -70mV.
  • There are more Na+ ions outside and fewer K+ ions inside the neuron.
  • The outside of the cell is more positive than the inside.
  • The membrane is mostly impermeable.
  • Depolarization: neuron receives a chemical signal.
  • The charge becomes -55mV, hitting the threshold.
  • Sodium voltage-gated channels open, causing sodium to rush into the axon.
  • Repolarization: neuron reaches +40mV.
  • Sodium voltage-gated channels close.
  • Potassium voltage-gated channels open, causing potassium to rush out of the cell.
  • Hyperpolarization: loss of potassium ions causes the membrane to become charged at -85mV.
  • Potassium voltage-gated channels close.
  • Sodium-potassium pumps move 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the neuron, returning it to a resting state at -70mV.
  • The process repeats down the axon to the axon terminal and then to another neuron.

Cerebrum Lobes

  • The parts of the cerebrum are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
  • The Frontal lobe controls emotions, personality, and memories.
  • The Parietal lobe controls bodily sensations, sense of touch, and body position.
  • The Occipital lobe controls vision.
  • The Temporal lobe controls hearing, language, and some memory.
  • The Cerebellum controls balance and coordination, motor control, and motor memory.

Brainstem

  • The two parts of the brainstem are the medulla and pons.
  • The Medulla controls heart rate.
  • The Pons controls breathing.
  • The Hypothalamus is responsible for homeostasis.
  • The Corpus callosum is the connection of nerves between the two hemispheres of the brain.
  • Corpus callosum allows the two hemispheres to communicate and opposite hemispheres control opposite sides of the body.
  • The Thalamus filters and sends information to the other parts of the brain.

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