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By @helloimnik

Brain Layers and Structures Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the brain covers the outer surface of the brain?

Meningeal layer

Which layer of the brain is attached to the inner surface of the skull?

Periosteum

Which layer of the brain folds inward in several areas?

Falx cerebri

Which layer of the brain is the tough outermost layer?

<p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the layer that is attached to the inner surface of the skull?

<p>Periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outer covering of the brain?

<p>Meningeal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the brain is responsible for reabsorbing cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Arachnoid layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the brain clings to the surface of the brain?

<p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the weblike extensions that span the subarachnoid space?

<p>Arachnoid layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is responsible for reabsorbing cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Arachnoid layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the layer that spans the subarachnoid space with weblike extensions?

<p>Arachnoid layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges clings to the surface of the brain?

<p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for forming cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>The choroid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cerebrospinal fluid circulated?

<p>In the arachnoid space</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>To protect the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for forming cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Choroid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cerebrospinal fluid circulated?

<p>Arachnoid space</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>To protect the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which structures does cerebrospinal fluid flow into the subarachnoid space?

<p>The median and lateral apertures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cerebrospinal fluid absorbed?

<p>The dural venous sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>The choroid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrocephalus is the condition where

<p>CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrocephalus is more likely to occur in newborns because

<p>The skull bones have not yet fused</p> Signup and view all the answers

If hydrocephalus is not treated in adults, it can lead to

<p>Brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT effectively excluded by the capillaries described in the text?

<p>Respiratory gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body

<p>The Blood Brain Barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as being excluded by the capillaries described in the text?

<p>Anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as being excluded by the capillaries described in the text?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the capillaries described in the text?

<p>Exclude respiratory gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cerebrospinal fluid circulated?

<p>Within the ventricles of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can pass through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances are prevented from passing through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Metabolic wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the blood-brain barrier?

<p>It prevents the passage of nonessential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can pass through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substances are prevented from passing through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Metabolic wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following items are considered water-soluble and can travel through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of traumatic brain injury involves slight brain injury with no permanent brain damage?

<p>Concussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a contusion?

<p>Nervous tissue destruction occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cerebral edema characterized by?

<p>Swelling from the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of traumatic brain injury involves nervous tissue destruction that does not regenerate?

<p>Contusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cerebral edema?

<p>Swelling from the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to nervous tissue in a concussion?

<p>No permanent brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common result of a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)?

<p>One-sided paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for damage to the speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain?

<p>Aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

<p>Temporary brain ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)?

<p>Hemiplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for damage to the speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain?

<p>Aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

<p>Temporary brain ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most commonly affected by Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the symptoms experienced by victims of Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Memory loss and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the structural changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Formation of abnormal protein deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a progressive degenerative brain disease?

<p>Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most commonly affected by Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebra does the spinal cord end around?

<p>L1 or L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

<p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cauda equina?

<p>A collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

<p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cauda equina?

<p>A collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body does the spinal cord extend from?

<p>Foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spinal cord?

<p>To provide a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body contains 70 percent of all sensory receptors?

<p>Eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nerve fibers does each eye have?

<p>Over 1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the eye enclosed?

<p>In a bony orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit?

<p>Sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds most of the eye and provides cushioning?

<p>Fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the bony orbit?

<p>To protect the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the eye provides cushioning and surrounds most of the eye?

<p>Conjunctiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

<p>Eyelids and eyelashes (B is also all the above)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the eye helps in controlling the movement of the eye?

<p>Extrinsic eye muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory structure of the eye produces an oily secretion that lubricates the eye?

<p>Tarsal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ciliary glands in the eye?

<p>Produce an oily secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the ciliary glands located?

<p>Between the eyelashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane lines the eyelids and connects to the outer surface of the eye?

<p>Conjunctiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

<p>To lubricate the eye and keep it moist</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the conjunctiva secrete?

<p>Mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces lacrimal fluid?

<p>Lacrimal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure drains lacrimal fluid from the eyes medially?

<p>Lacrimal canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty lacrimal fluid?

<p>Nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure drains lacrimal fluid from the eyes medially?

<p>Nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lacrimal secretions (tears) contain?

<p>Dilute salt solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

<p>Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of lacrimal secretions (tears)?

<p>Dilute salt solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysozyme in lacrimal secretions (tears)?

<p>To destroy bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of lacrimal secretions (tears)?

<p>To remove debris from the eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

<p>Produces tears to moisten and lubricate the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the lacrimal apparatus empty into?

<p>The nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of tears produced by the lacrimal apparatus?

<p>To protect the eye from harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT found in lacrimal secretions (tears)?

<p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysozyme in lacrimal secretions (tears)?

<p>To destroy bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the ciliary glands located?

<p>In the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures attach to the outer surface of the eye and produce eye movements?

<p>Extrinsic eye muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many extrinsic eye muscles attach to the outer surface of each eye?

<p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

<p>Extrinsic eye muscles and optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye allows for light to pass through and repairs itself easily?

<p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sclera?

<p>Provides protection and shape to the eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human tissue can be transplanted without fear of rejection?

<p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is known as the 'white of the eye' when seen anteriorly?

<p>Sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers forming the wall of the eyeball?

<p>Fibrous, Vascular, and Sensory layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are humors in relation to the eyeball?

<p>Fluids that fill the interior of the eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms the outside layer of the eyeball?

<p>Fibrous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms the middle layer of the eyeball?

<p>Vascular layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms the inside layer of the eyeball?

<p>Sensory layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye regulates the amount of light entering the eye?

<p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the choroid in the eye?

<p>To prevent light from scattering</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the modified anterior structure of the choroid that is attached to the lens by the ciliary zonule?

<p>Ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the eye regulates the amount of light entering the eye?

<p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rounded opening in the iris called?

<p>Pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ligament that attaches the lens to the ciliary body?

<p>Ciliary zonule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina absorbs light and prevents it from scattering?

<p>Outer pigmented layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the receptor cells found in the inner neural layer of the retina?

<p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina contains the photoreceptors?

<p>Inner neural layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing cataracts?

<p>Frequent exposure to intense sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens in individuals with cataracts?

<p>It becomes hard and opaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cataracts in the affected eye?

<p>Blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing cataracts?

<p>Having a family history of cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body?

<p>To hold the lens in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vision when the lens becomes hard and opaque with age?

<p>Vision becomes hazy and distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the eye contains vitreous humor?

<p>Posterior segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

<p>To divide the eye into two chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the eye is located anterior to the lens?

<p>Anterior segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye prevents light from scattering?

<p>Choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)?

<p>Attaches the ciliary body to the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the iris?

<p>Regulates amount of light entering the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is responsible for preventing light from scattering?

<p>Choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)?

<p>To attach the lens to the ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the iris?

<p>To regulate the amount of light entering the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina contains the receptor cells (photoreceptors)?

<p>Inner neural layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the outer pigmented layer of the retina?

<p>Absorbs light and prevents it from scattering</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for color vision in the retina?

<p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ganglion cells in the retina?

<p>To transmit signals from photoreceptors to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the optic disc in the eye?

<p>To allow the optic nerve to leave the eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do signals leave the retina and travel towards the brain?

<p>Through the optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons carry signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells?

<p>Bipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do signals leave the retina towards the brain?

<p>Optic disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic disc (blind spot)?

<p>It is where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for vision in dim light and peripheral vision?

<p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color perception of all perception in the retina?

<p>Gray tones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most rods found in the retina?

<p>Toward the edges of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for vision in dim light and peripheral vision?

<p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color perception of all perception in the retina?

<p>Black and white</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most rods located in the retina?

<p>Toward the edges</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of rods in the retina?

<p>Allow vision in dim light and peripheral vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most rods found in the retina?

<p>Toward the edges of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color perception of the rods in the retina?

<p>Perception of gray tones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the retina allows for detailed color vision?

<p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the fovea centralis located?

<p>Lateral to blind spot</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the retina has the sharpest vision?

<p>Fovea centralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the retina allows for detailed color vision?

<p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the area of the retina with only cones called?

<p>Fovea centralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are no photoreceptor cells found in the retina?

<p>Optic disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is responsible for cone sensitivity?

<p>Sensory Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of cones are there in the eye?

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the lack of one cone type in the eye?

<p>Color blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is responsible for cone sensitivity?

<p>Sensory Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of cones are found in the eye?

<p>Three types of cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of color blindness?

<p>Lack of cones in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is responsible for cone sensitivity?

<p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of cones are there in the eye?

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of color blindness?

<p>Lack of cones in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye is responsible for cone sensitivity?

<p>Sensory Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of cones are there in the eye?

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes color blindness?

<p>Lack of cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure holds the lens in place in the eye?

<p>Ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the lens in the eye?

<p>Convex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the suspensory ligament in the eye?

<p>To hold the lens in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing cataracts?

<p>Excessive alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the eventual outcome of cataracts in the affected eye?

<p>Complete blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens with age in the case of cataracts?

<p>It becomes hard and opaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing cataracts?

<p>Frequent exposure to intense sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vision when the lens becomes hard and opaque with age?

<p>Vision becomes hazy and distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of blindness in the affected eye in cataracts?

<p>Clouding of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following risk factors is NOT associated with cataracts?

<p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of blindness in the affected eye due to cataracts?

<p>Opacification of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most commonly affected by cataracts?

<p>Elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the eye is anterior to the lens?

<p>Anterior (aqueous) segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the eye is posterior to the lens?

<p>Posterior (vitreous) segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fluid is found in the anterior segment of the eye?

<p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the eye is posterior to the lens?

<p>Posterior (vitreous) segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid found in the anterior segment of the eye?

<p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What divides the eye into two chambers?

<p>The lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is found between the lens and cornea in the eye?

<p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the aqueous humor reabsorbed into the venous blood?

<p>Scleral venous sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aqueous humor in the eye?

<p>Maintain intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is found between the lens and cornea in the eye?

<p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure reabsorbs the aqueous humor into venous blood?

<p>Canal of Schlemm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aqueous humor in the eye?

<p>Maintain intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located posterior to the lens and helps maintain intraocular pressure?

<p>Vitreous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vitreous humor in the eye?

<p>To prevent the eye from collapsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the vitreous humor in the eye?

<p>It is a gel-like substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is located posterior to the lens in the eye?

<p>Vitreous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vitreous humor in the eye?

<p>Helps maintain intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vitreous humor in the eye?

<p>To prevent the eye from collapsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye must change shape to focus on closer objects?

<p>Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cornea in the eye?

<p>To bend light</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of accommodation in vision?

<p>To change the shape of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the image formed on the retina is correct?

<p>The image is right side up</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of real images?

<p>They are reversed from left to right and smaller than the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the characteristics of real images formed on the retina?

<p>Reversed from left to right, smaller than the object, upside down</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which structure does light enter the eye?

<p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure focuses the light onto the retina?

<p>Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid-filled structure helps maintain the shape of the eye?

<p>Vitreous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure allows light to enter the eye?

<p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid fills the space between the cornea and the lens?

<p>Aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for forming the image on the retina?

<p>Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure allows light to enter the eye?

<p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aqueous humor in the eye?

<p>To nourish the cornea and lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for focusing light onto the retina?

<p>Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the crossover of fibers from the medial side of each eye to the opposite side of the brain?

<p>Optic chiasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the optic tracts contain fibers from?

<p>Medial side of the opposite eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic tracts?

<p>To transmit visual information to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain?

<p>Optic chiasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers are contained in the optic tracts?

<p>Fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic chiasma?

<p>To allow fibers from the medial side of each eye to cross over to the opposite side of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for depth perception?

<p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the optic cortex?

<p>Depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of inputs from both eyes to each optic cortex?

<p>Enables depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from the retina of the eye into the brain?

<p>Optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pathway through which nerve impulses travel from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain?

<p>Optic radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain contains the visual cortex?

<p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from the retina of the eye into the brain?

<p>Optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the visual cortex located in the brain?

<p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the optic chiasma to the thalamus?

<p>Optic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles control the constriction of pupils in response to bright light?

<p>Radial, circular, and ciliary muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex is responsible for the accommodation of the eye when viewing close objects?

<p>Accommodation pupillary reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex causes the eyes to move medially when viewing close objects?

<p>Convergence reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system controls the internal muscles of the eye?

<p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex causes the pupils to constrict in response to bright light?

<p>Photopupillary reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the eyes when viewing close objects?

<p>The eyes move medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition occurs when distant objects appear blurry because light from those objects fails to reach the retina and is focused in front of it?

<p>Myopia (nearsightedness)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an eyeball that is too long in relation to its focusing power?

<p>Myopia (nearsightedness)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the eye focusing images correctly on the retina?

<p>Emmetropia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition occurs when an eyeball is too long, causing distant objects to appear blurry?

<p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for the condition where the eye focuses images correctly on the retina?

<p>Emmetropia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light from distant objects in the eyes of someone with myopia?

<p>It fails to reach the retina and is focused in front of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperopia (farsightedness)?

<p>Distant objects are focused in front of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of hyperopia (farsightedness)?

<p>An eyeball that is too short</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by blurry near vision and clear distant vision?

<p>Presbyopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of astigmatism?

<p>Blurry images</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes astigmatism?

<p>Unequal curvatures of the cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of blurry images in astigmatism?

<p>Unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by the lack of one type of cone in the eye?

<p>Color blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of night blindness?

<p>Inability to see at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of color blindness?

<p>Genetic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by the lack of one type of cone in the eye?

<p>Color blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night?

<p>Night blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors?

<p>Color blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye?

<p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes?

<p>Hemianopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which senses are housed in the ear?

<ol> <li>Hearing 2. Equilibrium (balance)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are found in the ear?

<p>Mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the receptors for hearing and equilibrium located?

<p>In the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the ear is responsible for transmitting sound waves from the environment to the middle ear?

<p>External (outer) ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the ear contains the eardrum and three small bones called ossicles?

<p>Middle ear (tympanic cavity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain?

<p>Inner ear (hearing and balance) (bony labyrinth)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the ear is involved in hearing only?

<p>Tympanic membrane (eardrum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)?

<p>To collect sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lines the external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)?

<p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in hearing only?

<p>Auricle (pinna)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the external acoustic meatus?

<p>a narrow chamber in the temporal bone that ends at the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ceruminous glands in the external ear?

<p>Produce cerumen (wax)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tube connects the middle ear with the throat?

<p>Pharyngotympanic tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

<p>To cover the opening from the auditory canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the open auditory tube allow for?

<p>Equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are responsible for transmitting vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear?

<p>all 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones span the middle ear cavity?

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear is responsible for hearing?

<p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fluid fills the inner ear?

<p>Perilymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear is suspended in perilymph and contains endolymph?

<p>Membranous labyrinth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sense organs are included in the Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth?

<p>Hearing and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid fills the Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth?

<p>Perilymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bony chambers are found within the temporal bone?

<p>Cochlea, Vestibule, and Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functional parts of the vestibular apparatus?

<p>Vestibule and semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the equilibrium receptors of the inner ear called?

<p>Vestibular apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sense uses chemoreceptors and is stimulated by chemicals in solution?

<p>Taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sense can differentiate a large range of chemicals?

<p>Smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which senses complement each other and respond to many of the same stimuli?

<p>Taste and Smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sense uses chemoreceptors to be stimulated by chemicals in solution?

<p>Taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between taste and smell?

<p>Taste has four types of receptors, while smell can differentiate a large range of chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do taste and smell senses complement each other?

<p>They respond to many of the same stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptors?

<p>Roof of the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the long cilia on olfactory receptor cells called?

<p>Olfactory hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are chemicals detected by olfactory receptors?

<p>Dissolved in mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are olfactory receptors located?

<p>In the roof of the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do olfactory receptors detect?

<p>Chemicals dissolved in mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are impulses transmitted via the olfactory filaments?

<p>To the olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds located?

<p>On the tongue on the sides of papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a location of taste buds?

<p>In the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do taste buds house?

<p>Receptor organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae on the tongue are sharp and do not contain taste buds?

<p>Filiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds found on the tongue?

<p>All over the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae on the tongue are large and have taste buds?

<p>Circumvallate papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae on the tongue have taste buds?

<p>Fungiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds found on the tongue?

<p>On the sides of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae on the tongue do not have taste buds?

<p>Filiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae on the tongue have taste buds?

<p>Fungiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds located on the tongue?

<p>On the sides of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae on the tongue are sharp and do not have taste buds?

<p>Filiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for carrying impulses to the gustatory complex?

<p>Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replaces taste buds frequently?

<p>Basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is NOT responsible for carrying impulses to the gustatory complex?

<p>Accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for carrying impulses to the gustatory complex?

<p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds found?

<p>Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replaces taste buds frequently?

<p>Basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord is the cauda equina located?

<p>Inferior end</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cauda equina?

<p>To transmit sensory information to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cauda equina composed of?

<p>Spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord houses motor neurons of the somatic nervous system?

<p>Ventral horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do the dorsal horns of the spinal cord receive?

<p>Information from sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fills the central canal of the spinal cord?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord carries impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles?

<p>Ventral columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tracts conduct impulses toward the brain?

<p>Dorsal columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the exterior white matter of the spinal cord consist of?

<p>Conduction tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord carries impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles?

<p>Ventral columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the dorsal columns in the spinal cord?

<p>Carry sensory (afferent) tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do motor (efferent) tracts in the spinal cord carry?

<p>Impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which columns are found in the exterior white matter of the spinal cord?

<p>Dorsal, lateral, ventral columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sensory tracts in the spinal cord conduct?

<p>Impulses toward the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of motor tracts in the spinal cord?

<p>Carry impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord carries impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles?

<p>Ventral columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the sensory tracts in the spinal cord conduct?

<p>Impulses toward the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the exterior white mater in the spinal cord?

<p>Conducts impulses away from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord carries sensory impulses towards the brain?

<p>Dorsal columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord carries motor impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles?

<p>Ventral columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the exterior white mater of the spinal cord?

<p>Conduction of both sensory and motor impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer covers the spinal cord?

<p>Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do spinal nerves leave in relation to each vertebra?

<p>At the level of each vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the ventral root of the spinal cord?

<p>Axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord contains axons?

<p>Ventral root</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the dorsal root ganglia?

<p>House collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do spinal nerves leave at the level of each vertebra?

<p>Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about spinal nerves?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?

<p>32 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spinal nerves formed by?

<p>A combination of ventral and dorsal roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spinal nerves are formed by the combination of which two roots?

<p>Ventral and dorsal roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in total?

<p>32 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spinal nerves named for?

<p>Their location</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of a spinal nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers?

<p>Ramus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the dorsal rami of spinal nerves serve?

<p>Skin and muscles of the posterior trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the ventral rami of spinal nerves form?

<p>Complex networks (plexus) for the anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a spinal nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers?

<p>Ramus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the dorsal rami of spinal nerves serve?

<p>Skin and muscles of the posterior trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the ventral rami of spinal nerves form?

<p>Plexus for the anterior trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the body does the sciatic nerve serve?

<p>Sacral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest nerve in the body?

<p>Sciatic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spinal nerve plexuses?

<p>Networks of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plexus is responsible for serving the motor and sensory needs of the limbs?

<p>Brachial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the body does the sciatic nerve serve?

<p>Sacral</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many spinal nerve plexuses are there?

<p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the body does the sciatic nerve serve?

<p>Legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spinal nerve plexuses?

<p>Networks of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is the largest in the body?

<p>Sciatic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system regulates activities of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands?

<p>Parasympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Involuntary nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system consists only of motor nerves?

<p>Motor subdivision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system regulates activities of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands?

<p>Parasympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Involuntary nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system consists only of motor nerves?

<p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus that triggers the sympathetic division?

<p>Embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do when it takes over?

<p>Increases activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activities does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system take over to increase?

<p>Exercising</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activities can be associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activities does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system take over to increase?

<p>Physical activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you remember the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>E division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'housekeeping' activities and conserving energy?

<p>Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Dilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you remember the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>As the 'D' division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for "housekeeping" activities and maintaining daily necessary body functions?

<p>Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is often referred to as the "D" division?

<p>Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activities are regulated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Digestion and defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'housekeeping' activities such as digestion, defecation, and diuresis?

<p>Parasympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>To conserve energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you remember the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Remember it as the 'D' division</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of embryonic development is the nervous system formed?

<p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be the consequence of maternal infection during pregnancy?

<p>Harmful effects on the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is one of the last to develop?

<p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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