90 Questions
What is the process called when each hemisphere develops specialist functions?
Lateralisation
Which hemisphere is predominantly associated with language?
Left hemisphere
Why can young children with brain injury recover a great deal of the loss?
Because the brain is still developing and lateralisation is not complete
Which emotion is associated with the external environment?
All of the above
What is affected when there is brain damage to the right side?
Interpreting nonliteral language
What percentage of an adult brain's weight does a newborn's brain comprise?
25%
Which part of the brain is associated with spatial awareness and facial recognition?
Right hemisphere
What is the stage of development where the brain areas concerned with basic survival, such as breathing and digestion, are present?
Reptilian stage
What is the term for the idea that the functions of each hemisphere remain unchanged throughout life?
Invariance Hypothesis
What percentage of the brain's cells are located in the outer cerebral cortex?
90%
What is the possible outcome of overstimulation due to exposure to educational programmes in infants and toddlers?
10% lower language test scores
What is the relationship between brain growth and cognitive development during infancy and toddlerhood?
Brain growth surges relate to cognitive development
What is the process by which the brain eliminates unnecessary neurons during development?
Synaptic pruning
What is the term for the brain's ability to reorganize itself in response to environmental experiences?
Neuroplasticity
What is the result of the brain's overproduction of neurons followed by pruning dependent on environment?
Enhanced cognitive development
What is the result of the brain's compensatory mechanisms after brain damage in children?
Recovery of language skills but potential reduction of complex skills in later life
What is the primary driver of brain development according to Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience?
Environmental interactions and brain region interactions
What is the process by which the brain eliminates or reduces unnecessary neural connections?
Synaptic pruning
What is the term for the brain's ability to reorganize itself in response to changes or damage?
Neuroplasticity
During which stage of development does the prefrontal cortex mature?
Adulthood
What is the primary function of myelin in the nervous system?
To insulate axons and support the transfer of information
What is the term for the process by which the brain refines and moulds itself through the elimination of neurons?
Synaptic pruning
What is the consequence of demyelination of nerves in neurodegenerative diseases?
Speech, balance, and cognitive impairment
What is the region of the brain associated with higher-order thinking, such as planning, organizing, and attention?
Frontal cortex
What is the term for the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and learning?
Neuroplasticity
What is the primary reason for the brain's initial overproduction of neurons and synaptic connections?
To enable the formation of precise neuronal connections through experience-driven pruning
What is the term for the process by which the brain eliminates unnecessary neuronal connections?
Synaptic pruning
By what age is the myelination of neurons mostly complete?
2 years
What is the benefit of the brain's ability to compensate for early damage through neuroplasticity?
It enables the rerouting of connections to other parts of the brain
What is the estimated percentage of neurons that die during the process of synaptic pruning?
20-80%
What is the primary reason why synaptic pruning is essential in the brain?
To prevent excessive activity in the brain
What is the implication of pruning extending into early adulthood?
Scope for cognitive and emotional change into adulthood
What is the primary function of glial cells in the brain?
Generating myelin for the CNS
What is a potential consequence of impaired synaptic pruning in the brain?
Link to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism
At what stage of development do neurons primarily stop forming?
Week 20 of gestation
What is the significance of understanding the synaptic pruning process?
It provides insight into the timing of education and skill acquisition
What is the relationship between synaptic pruning and brain growth?
Pruning is necessary for brain growth despite the elimination of neurons
What is the implication of the prolonged pruning process on personality development?
It allows for the transition from a developmental to a concrete personality
What is the relationship between myelination and brain development?
Myelination promotes brain growth
What is the potential link between synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders?
Impaired pruning is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia
At birth, the brain weighs around ______ of an adult brain.
25%
The ______ lobe is associated with processing bodily sensations.
Parietal
The ______ system is responsible for emotions and memory.
Limbic
By ______ months old, the brain reaches 50% of its adult weight.
6
The ______ cortex is the most advanced part of the brain, located in the outer layer of the cerebrum.
Cerebral
Certain motor functions can be ______ in adults.
regenerated
Frontal lobe activity and an increase of ______ connections during infancy and toddlerhood relate to grasping objects; walking; language.
synaptic
Surges in ______ growth can relate to cognitive development.
brain
The brain develops as a result of our individual environment with ______ sensitivity.
time
The brain over produces ______ and prunes these dependent on our environment.
neurons
The right frontal lobe is associated with ______ and fear.
distress
The left side of the brain is predominantly associated with ______.
language
Emotions such as anger, interest, and joy are related to the ______ environment.
external
The process by which each hemisphere develops specialist functions is called ______.
lateralisation
Young children with brain injury can recover a great deal of the loss because the brain is still ______.
developing
The __________ cortex matures well into adulthood
prefrontal
The brain is vulnerable and sensitive but also has a high __________ to internal and external threats
resilience
In the process of brain development, __________ leads to new behaviours and has a direct effect on developing skills
maturation
The capacity is built into the brain but development is dependent on the environment and how other brain areas __________ and interact with each other
develop
Brain change and __________ development are closely linked
behavioural
Myelin insulates ______ and supports the transfer of information through the nervous system
axons
The ______ cortex is associated with higher order thinking – required as adults for planning, organizing, attention and inhibition
frontal
The brain has a degree of ______ through development
plasticity
Myelination continues into adulthood, particularly in the ______ cortex
frontal
Grey matter - the ______ decline with age
neurons
The infant cerebral cortexes have twice as many ______ connections than the adult.
synaptic
Pruning results in ______ that are rarely used losing their connection thereby moulding the child’s brain to suit the child’s individual environment.
synapses
It is thought that Autism is linked to a lack of ______ of these excess synapses.
pruning
[Blank] starts at puberty and lasts into early adulthood.
Pruning
Glial cells continue to be generated throughout life – mainly in the process of ______ which produces the white matter of our CNS.
myelination
There is little development of ______ after about week 20 of gestation.
neurons
[Blank] is thought to extend into adulthood, suggesting there is scope for cognitive and emotional change into adulthood.
Pruning
The brain develops as a result of our individual environment with ______ sensitivity.
increased
The brain overproduces ______ and prunes these dependent on our environment.
synaptic connections
Since ______ is thought to extend into adulthood, it suggests there is scope for cognitive and emotional change into adulthood.
pruning
The initial axons find their own way, but subsequent axons follow trails left by initial axons guided by chemical signals and ______ to connect with the correct neuron.
proteins
Once in the final destination, the axon starts creating ______ and building the brain’s communication channels.
synapses
The brain overproduces neurons and synaptic connections; this process allows experience to mold which neurons and synapses are kept and which are lost, resulting in optimal ______ development.
child
Neural migration is the process by which ______ find their way to the correct neuron and form connections.
axons
Synaptic pruning is the process by which the brain disposes of a neuron's connection with ______.
neurons
Match the following brain development processes with their corresponding descriptions:
Neuroplasticity = The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and learning Synaptic Pruning = The process by which the brain eliminates unnecessary neurons during development Myelination = The process of insulating and supporting the transfer of information through the nervous system Neurogenesis = The process of producing new neurons in the brain
Match the following brain structures with their corresponding functions:
Frontal Lobe = Associated with higher-order thinking, such as planning and organizing Cerebral Cortex = Associated with processing sensory information and controlling movement Hippocampus = Associated with emotions, memory, and spatial navigation Cerebellum = Associated with coordinating muscle movements and balance
Match the following developmental stages with their corresponding brain growth milestones:
Infancy = Surges in brain growth can relate to cognitive development Toddlerhood = Frontal lobe activity and an increase of synaptic connections relate to grasping objects and walking Adulthood = Myelination continues, particularly in the frontal cortex Embryonic Period = There is little development of neurons after about week 20 of gestation
Match the following concepts with their corresponding implications for brain development:
Nature-Nurture Debate = The brain develops as a result of our individual environment with time sensitivity Piaget's Theory = Brain growth and cognitive development are closely linked Vygotsky's Theory = The capacity is built into the brain but development is dependent on the environment and how other brain areas interact Erickson's Theory = Brain development is influenced by social and emotional factors
Match the following brain development processes with their corresponding consequences:
Overstimulation = 10% lower language test scores for infants and toddlers Impaired Synaptic Pruning = A potential consequence of neurodevelopmental disorders Demyelination = A consequence of neurodegenerative diseases Neuroplasticity = The benefit of the brain's ability to compensate for early damage
Match the following brain regions with their corresponding functions:
Frontal Lobe = Associated with higher-order thinking, such as planning and organizing Temporal Lobe = Associated with processing auditory information and memory Parietal Lobe = Associated with processing sensory information and spatial awareness Occipital Lobe = Associated with processing visual information
Match the following concepts with their corresponding brain development milestones:
Synaptic Formation = Frontal lobe activity and an increase of synaptic connections during infancy and toddlerhood Neuron Production = The brain overproduces neurons and prunes these dependent on our environment Myelination = Myelination continues into adulthood, particularly in the frontal cortex Brain Maturation = The brain reaches 50% of its adult weight by 9 months old
Match the following brain development processes with their corresponding benefits:
Neuroplasticity = The benefit of the brain's ability to compensate for early damage Synaptic Pruning = The primary reason why synaptic pruning is essential in the brain Myelination = The primary function of myelin in the nervous system Neurogenesis = The potential link between synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders
Match the following brain regions with their corresponding functions:
Right Hemisphere = Associated with emotions, such as anger and fear Left Hemisphere = Predominantly associated with language and logic Cerebral Cortex = Associated with processing sensory information and controlling movement Brainstem = Associated with basic survival functions, such as breathing and digestion
Match the following concepts with their corresponding brain development processes:
Regeneration = Certain motor functions can be regenerated in adults Neuroplasticity = The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and learning Synaptic Formation = Frontal lobe activity and an increase of synaptic connections during infancy and toddlerhood Myelination = The process of insulating and supporting the transfer of information through the nervous system
Test your knowledge of the brain's hemispheres and their roles in emotions, language processing, and movement control. Learn about the differences between the left and right sides of the brain and how they function.
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