Brain Hemispheres and Emotions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when each hemisphere develops specialist functions?

  • Neuroplasticity
  • Synaptic Pruning
  • Lateralisation (correct)
  • Myelination

    • Which hemisphere is predominantly associated with language?

  • Both hemispheres equally
  • Either hemisphere randomly
  • Left hemisphere (correct)
  • Right hemisphere

    • Why can young children with brain injury recover a great deal of the loss?

  • Because of myelination
  • Because of neuroplasticity
  • Because of synaptic pruning
  • Because the brain is still developing and lateralisation is not complete (correct)

    • Which emotion is associated with the external environment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected when there is brain damage to the right side?

    <p>Interpreting nonliteral language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of an adult brain's weight does a newborn's brain comprise?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is associated with spatial awareness and facial recognition?

    <p>Right hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development where the brain areas concerned with basic survival, such as breathing and digestion, are present?

    <p>Reptilian stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the idea that the functions of each hemisphere remain unchanged throughout life?

    <p>Invariance Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the brain's cells are located in the outer cerebral cortex?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible outcome of overstimulation due to exposure to educational programmes in infants and toddlers?

    <p>10% lower language test scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between brain growth and cognitive development during infancy and toddlerhood?

    <p>Brain growth surges relate to cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the brain eliminates unnecessary neurons during development?

    <p>Synaptic pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the brain's ability to reorganize itself in response to environmental experiences?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the brain's overproduction of neurons followed by pruning dependent on environment?

    <p>Enhanced cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the brain's compensatory mechanisms after brain damage in children?

    <p>Recovery of language skills but potential reduction of complex skills in later life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of brain development according to Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience?

    <p>Environmental interactions and brain region interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the brain eliminates or reduces unnecessary neural connections?

    <p>Synaptic pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the brain's ability to reorganize itself in response to changes or damage?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development does the prefrontal cortex mature?

    <p>Adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myelin in the nervous system?

    <p>To insulate axons and support the transfer of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the brain refines and moulds itself through the elimination of neurons?

    <p>Synaptic pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of demyelination of nerves in neurodegenerative diseases?

    <p>Speech, balance, and cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the brain associated with higher-order thinking, such as planning, organizing, and attention?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and learning?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the brain's initial overproduction of neurons and synaptic connections?

    <p>To enable the formation of precise neuronal connections through experience-driven pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the brain eliminates unnecessary neuronal connections?

    <p>Synaptic pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age is the myelination of neurons mostly complete?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the brain's ability to compensate for early damage through neuroplasticity?

    <p>It enables the rerouting of connections to other parts of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of neurons that die during the process of synaptic pruning?

    <p>20-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why synaptic pruning is essential in the brain?

    <p>To prevent excessive activity in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of pruning extending into early adulthood?

    <p>Scope for cognitive and emotional change into adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glial cells in the brain?

    <p>Generating myelin for the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of impaired synaptic pruning in the brain?

    <p>Link to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development do neurons primarily stop forming?

    <p>Week 20 of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the synaptic pruning process?

    <p>It provides insight into the timing of education and skill acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between synaptic pruning and brain growth?

    <p>Pruning is necessary for brain growth despite the elimination of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the prolonged pruning process on personality development?

    <p>It allows for the transition from a developmental to a concrete personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between myelination and brain development?

    <p>Myelination promotes brain growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential link between synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders?

    <p>Impaired pruning is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At birth, the brain weighs around ______ of an adult brain.

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ lobe is associated with processing bodily sensations.

    <p>Parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ system is responsible for emotions and memory.

    <p>Limbic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By ______ months old, the brain reaches 50% of its adult weight.

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ cortex is the most advanced part of the brain, located in the outer layer of the cerebrum.

    <p>Cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain motor functions can be ______ in adults.

    <p>regenerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frontal lobe activity and an increase of ______ connections during infancy and toddlerhood relate to grasping objects; walking; language.

    <p>synaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surges in ______ growth can relate to cognitive development.

    <p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain develops as a result of our individual environment with ______ sensitivity.

    <p>time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain over produces ______ and prunes these dependent on our environment.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right frontal lobe is associated with ______ and fear.

    <p>distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left side of the brain is predominantly associated with ______.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotions such as anger, interest, and joy are related to the ______ environment.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which each hemisphere develops specialist functions is called ______.

    <p>lateralisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Young children with brain injury can recover a great deal of the loss because the brain is still ______.

    <p>developing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ cortex matures well into adulthood

    <p>prefrontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain is vulnerable and sensitive but also has a high __________ to internal and external threats

    <p>resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of brain development, __________ leads to new behaviours and has a direct effect on developing skills

    <p>maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The capacity is built into the brain but development is dependent on the environment and how other brain areas __________ and interact with each other

    <p>develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brain change and __________ development are closely linked

    <p>behavioural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelin insulates ______ and supports the transfer of information through the nervous system

    <p>axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ cortex is associated with higher order thinking – required as adults for planning, organizing, attention and inhibition

    <p>frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain has a degree of ______ through development

    <p>plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelination continues into adulthood, particularly in the ______ cortex

    <p>frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grey matter - the ______ decline with age

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The infant cerebral cortexes have twice as many ______ connections than the adult.

    <p>synaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pruning results in ______ that are rarely used losing their connection thereby moulding the child’s brain to suit the child’s individual environment.

    <p>synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is thought that Autism is linked to a lack of ______ of these excess synapses.

    <p>pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Blank] starts at puberty and lasts into early adulthood.

    <p>Pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glial cells continue to be generated throughout life – mainly in the process of ______ which produces the white matter of our CNS.

    <p>myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is little development of ______ after about week 20 of gestation.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Blank] is thought to extend into adulthood, suggesting there is scope for cognitive and emotional change into adulthood.

    <p>Pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain develops as a result of our individual environment with ______ sensitivity.

    <p>increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain overproduces ______ and prunes these dependent on our environment.

    <p>synaptic connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Since ______ is thought to extend into adulthood, it suggests there is scope for cognitive and emotional change into adulthood.

    <p>pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial axons find their own way, but subsequent axons follow trails left by initial axons guided by chemical signals and ______ to connect with the correct neuron.

    <p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once in the final destination, the axon starts creating ______ and building the brain’s communication channels.

    <p>synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain overproduces neurons and synaptic connections; this process allows experience to mold which neurons and synapses are kept and which are lost, resulting in optimal ______ development.

    <p>child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neural migration is the process by which ______ find their way to the correct neuron and form connections.

    <p>axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synaptic pruning is the process by which the brain disposes of a neuron's connection with ______.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain development processes with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Neuroplasticity = The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and learning Synaptic Pruning = The process by which the brain eliminates unnecessary neurons during development Myelination = The process of insulating and supporting the transfer of information through the nervous system Neurogenesis = The process of producing new neurons in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Frontal Lobe = Associated with higher-order thinking, such as planning and organizing Cerebral Cortex = Associated with processing sensory information and controlling movement Hippocampus = Associated with emotions, memory, and spatial navigation Cerebellum = Associated with coordinating muscle movements and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental stages with their corresponding brain growth milestones:

    <p>Infancy = Surges in brain growth can relate to cognitive development Toddlerhood = Frontal lobe activity and an increase of synaptic connections relate to grasping objects and walking Adulthood = Myelination continues, particularly in the frontal cortex Embryonic Period = There is little development of neurons after about week 20 of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding implications for brain development:

    <p>Nature-Nurture Debate = The brain develops as a result of our individual environment with time sensitivity Piaget's Theory = Brain growth and cognitive development are closely linked Vygotsky's Theory = The capacity is built into the brain but development is dependent on the environment and how other brain areas interact Erickson's Theory = Brain development is influenced by social and emotional factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain development processes with their corresponding consequences:

    <p>Overstimulation = 10% lower language test scores for infants and toddlers Impaired Synaptic Pruning = A potential consequence of neurodevelopmental disorders Demyelination = A consequence of neurodegenerative diseases Neuroplasticity = The benefit of the brain's ability to compensate for early damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Frontal Lobe = Associated with higher-order thinking, such as planning and organizing Temporal Lobe = Associated with processing auditory information and memory Parietal Lobe = Associated with processing sensory information and spatial awareness Occipital Lobe = Associated with processing visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding brain development milestones:

    <p>Synaptic Formation = Frontal lobe activity and an increase of synaptic connections during infancy and toddlerhood Neuron Production = The brain overproduces neurons and prunes these dependent on our environment Myelination = Myelination continues into adulthood, particularly in the frontal cortex Brain Maturation = The brain reaches 50% of its adult weight by 9 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain development processes with their corresponding benefits:

    <p>Neuroplasticity = The benefit of the brain's ability to compensate for early damage Synaptic Pruning = The primary reason why synaptic pruning is essential in the brain Myelination = The primary function of myelin in the nervous system Neurogenesis = The potential link between synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Right Hemisphere = Associated with emotions, such as anger and fear Left Hemisphere = Predominantly associated with language and logic Cerebral Cortex = Associated with processing sensory information and controlling movement Brainstem = Associated with basic survival functions, such as breathing and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding brain development processes:

    <p>Regeneration = Certain motor functions can be regenerated in adults Neuroplasticity = The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and learning Synaptic Formation = Frontal lobe activity and an increase of synaptic connections during infancy and toddlerhood Myelination = The process of insulating and supporting the transfer of information through the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Brain Functions and Hemispheric Specialization

    • The right frontal lobe is associated with emotions related to withdrawal, such as fear, distress, and disgust, while the left lobe manages emotions that engage with the environment, like anger, interest, and joy.
    • The left hemisphere controls movement and sensation on the right side of the body; it is primarily known for language processing.
    • The right hemisphere is involved in spatial awareness, music, facial recognition, and pragmatics of language, affecting how we interpret nonliteral communication, including sarcasm.
    • Lateralization is the specialization of each hemisphere, allowing them to develop distinct functions. This process is complex and can evolve over time.

    Brain Development

    • At birth, the brain weighs about 400g (25% of adult weight), reaching 50% by 6 months, and approximately 75% by age 2.
    • The brain has three major evolutionary areas:
      • Reptilian brain (cerebellum & brainstem) controls basic survival functions.
      • Paleomammalian brain (limbic system) manages emotions and memory.
      • Mammalian brain (cerebrum) is responsible for higher functions.

    Maturation and Plasticity

    • Hemispheric functions start from birth and follow the Invariance Hypothesis, suggesting that these functions remain stable throughout life despite changes in an individual's capabilities as they develop.
    • Young children can recover from brain injuries better than adults, as their brains are still developing and not fully lateralized. For instance, damage to the left hemisphere may not fully impair language skills.
    • Neuroplasticity allows the brain to adapt and reorganize itself, facilitating recovery from injuries, although limits exist based on age and the extent of damage.

    Myelination and Its Importance

    • Myelination continues into adulthood, particularly in the frontal cortex, which is vital for high-order thinking, attention, and organization.
    • Myelin insulates axons, aiding in information transfer within the nervous system and supporting nerve regeneration.
    • Neurodegenerative diseases, like Multiple Sclerosis, involve demyelination, causing cognitive and physical impairments.

    Synaptic Pruning

    • Synaptic proliferation and pruning occur, where an infant's brain has more synaptic connections than an adult's brain, and pruning helps refine these connections.
    • Overproduction of neurons and subsequent pruning increases efficiency in neural transmission; 20-80% of neurons may die during this process.
    • The pruning process, which begins at puberty and continues into adulthood, is thought to be linked to conditions like autism if abnormalities occur.

    Environmental Context and Learning

    • Brain development is influenced by environmental experiences, linking to nature versus nurture debates in developmental psychology.
    • Effective education should consider brain maturation timelines to optimize skill acquisition and cognitive development.

    Implications for Cognitive Development

    • Understanding the complexities of brain functions and development is crucial in comprehending various developmental theories (e.g., Piaget, Vygotsky).
    • The interplay between brain maturation, neuronal pruning, and environmental factors shapes the cognitive and emotional development throughout a lifespan.### Brain Development Overview
    • Brain size increases significantly: Birth weight is approximately 400g (25% of adult size); at 2 years, it reaches about 75% (average adult weight ~1400g).
    • Critical brain areas include:
      • Reptilian brain (cerebellum & brainstem): Responsible for essential survival functions like breathing and digestion.
      • Paleomammalian brain (limbic system): Associated with emotions and memory.
      • Mammalian brain (cerebrum): Most developed region, housing 90% of brain's cells.

    Cerebral Functions

    • Frontal lobe: Involved in planning, organizing, and higher-order mental functions.
    • Left hemisphere: Dominates language, hearing, and some aspects of cognitive processing.
    • Right hemisphere: Stronger in spatial awareness, music, and emotional processing.
    • Parietal lobe: Handles bodily sensations and spatial orientation.
    • Temporal lobe: Larger on the left side, crucial for language and auditory processing.
    • Occipital lobe: Primarily associated with vision.

    Hemispheric Specialization

    • Functions of left and right hemispheres are consistent throughout life, known as the Invariance Hypothesis.
    • Different maturation rates: The right hemisphere matures faster than the left.
    • Right hemisphere controls the left side's movement and sensation, while the left hemisphere governs the right side.

    Plasticity and Growth

    • Neural connections undergo growth spurts, particularly in the frontal lobe during infancy and toddlerhood, aiding in motor skills and language acquisition.
    • Brain development is influenced by environmental experiences, with over- and under-stimulation causing adverse effects on cognitive outcomes.

    Impact of Stimulation

    • High exposure to educational programs can reduce language test scores by 10% in young children.
    • Excessive screen time leads to less effective learning compared to interactive personal engagement.
    • Brain development requires tailored experiences within sensitive periods.

    Connection to Developmental Theories

    • The interaction of nature (genetic predispositions) and nurture (environmental influences) plays a critical role in brain and neuron development.
    • Developmental milestones can be analyzed in the context of theories from prominent figures like Piaget, Erikson, Vygotsky, and Freud, linking environmental impacts and cognitive growth stages.
    • Neuronal overproduction followed by pruning is tied to individual experiences, emphasizing the importance of nurturing environments during formative years.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the brain's hemispheres and their roles in emotions, language processing, and movement control. Learn about the differences between the left and right sides of the brain and how they function.

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