Brain Functions and Regulation Quiz

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What is the role of phosphodiesterases in the cAMP signaling pathway?

Activating protein kinase A

Converting cAMP to AMP (correct)

Inactivating the G-protein

Stimulating adenylyl cyclase

How does cAMP act as a second messenger in the cell?

By diffusing freely into the cytoplasm (correct)

By inactivating protein kinase A

By activating adenylyl cyclase

By degrading to GDP

What is the consequence of cAMP binding to PKA's regulatory subunits?

Degradation of cAMP

Release and activation of catalytic subunits (correct)

Inactivation of PKA

Activation of adenylyl cyclase

Which process is directly influenced by the phosphorylation mediated by cAMP/PKA?

Changes in metabolism and gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of active PKA phosphorylating target proteins?

Modifying the activity of various proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)?

Regulates the production and release of melanin Signup and view all the answers

In the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism, what is the role of G-Proteins?

Exchange their bound GTP for GDP Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Protein Kinase A (PKA) activation in the cAMP signaling pathway?

Activation of target proteins by phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

How does cAMP signal termination occur in the cell?

Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP to AMP Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of phosphorylation of target proteins by PKA in cellular responses?

It amplifies the initial signal Signup and view all the answers

What is the major mechanism by which hormones bring about their effects on target tissues?

Phosphorylation of target proteins Signup and view all the answers

In the genomic mechanism of hormone action, the hormone-receptor complex binds to specific DNA sequences known as:

Hormone response elements (HREs) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones bind to specific nuclear receptors within the target cell in the genomic mechanism?

Steroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the genomic mechanism of hormone action after gene transcription and mRNA synthesis?

Protein Synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Protein Kinase A (PKA) activation in cellular responses to hormones?

Phosphorylation of target proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of non-genomic actions of hormones?

Activate second messenger molecules Signup and view all the answers

How do water-soluble hormones typically act on cells?

By acting on receptors in the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular response is NOT associated with non-genomic actions of hormones?

Gene expression alteration Signup and view all the answers

In cAMP signaling, what is the role of Protein Kinase A (PKA)?

Phosphorylates target proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which process is directly involved in the termination of cAMP signaling?

Degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterase enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating body temperature?

Triggering sweating and shivering mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which function is not attributed to the hypothalamus?

Producing growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?

Stimulating growth, cell repair, and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway describes the sequence of events in the regulation of GH release?

Hypothalamus releases GHRH, leading to GH release by the anterior pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What happens when IGF-1 levels are elevated in the body?

They inhibit further GH release to maintain balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in the production of thyroid hormones?

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 and T4 Signup and view all the answers

How does elevated levels of T3 and T4 affect the release of TRH and TSH?

Inhibit their release through negative feedback Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GH secretion when growth plates close in adulthood?

It increases, causing acromegaly Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive GH secretion during childhood and adolescence affect bone growth?

Causes abnormal height and bone growth in gigantism Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) released by the hypothalamus?

Signals the anterior pituitary gland to release Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Prolactin?

Stimulate milk production in mammary glands Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for boosting thyroid hormone production due to insufficient levels in the bloodstream?

TSH Signup and view all the answers

What can low T3 and T4 levels lead to?

Sensitivity to cold Signup and view all the answers

How are hormones typically transported through the body?

Traveling through the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces Prolactin?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What regulates Prolactin levels in the body?

Suckling Signup and view all the answers

What can elevated levels of prolactin outside of pregnancy and lactation be associated with?

Hyperprolactinemia Signup and view all the answers

What does TSH stand for in endocrine terminology?

"Thyroid Stimulating Hormone" Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are typically monitored in diagnosing and managing thyroid disorders?

TSH, T3, and T4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of endocrinology as a specific study of hormones and endocrine organs?

Study chemical messengers secreted by cells into extracellular fluids Signup and view all the answers