Brain Functions and Regulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of phosphodiesterases in the cAMP signaling pathway?

  • Activating protein kinase A
  • Converting cAMP to AMP (correct)
  • Inactivating the G-protein
  • Stimulating adenylyl cyclase

How does cAMP act as a second messenger in the cell?

  • By diffusing freely into the cytoplasm (correct)
  • By inactivating protein kinase A
  • By activating adenylyl cyclase
  • By degrading to GDP

What is the consequence of cAMP binding to PKA's regulatory subunits?

  • Degradation of cAMP
  • Release and activation of catalytic subunits (correct)
  • Inactivation of PKA
  • Activation of adenylyl cyclase

Which process is directly influenced by the phosphorylation mediated by cAMP/PKA?

<p>Changes in metabolism and gene expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of active PKA phosphorylating target proteins?

<p>Modifying the activity of various proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)?

<p>Regulates the production and release of melanin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism, what is the role of G-Proteins?

<p>Exchange their bound GTP for GDP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Protein Kinase A (PKA) activation in the cAMP signaling pathway?

<p>Activation of target proteins by phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cAMP signal termination occur in the cell?

<p>Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP to AMP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of phosphorylation of target proteins by PKA in cellular responses?

<p>It amplifies the initial signal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major mechanism by which hormones bring about their effects on target tissues?

<p>Phosphorylation of target proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the genomic mechanism of hormone action, the hormone-receptor complex binds to specific DNA sequences known as:

<p>Hormone response elements (HREs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones bind to specific nuclear receptors within the target cell in the genomic mechanism?

<p>Steroid hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the genomic mechanism of hormone action after gene transcription and mRNA synthesis?

<p>Protein Synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Protein Kinase A (PKA) activation in cellular responses to hormones?

<p>Phosphorylation of target proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of non-genomic actions of hormones?

<p>Activate second messenger molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do water-soluble hormones typically act on cells?

<p>By acting on receptors in the plasma membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular response is NOT associated with non-genomic actions of hormones?

<p>Gene expression alteration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cAMP signaling, what is the role of Protein Kinase A (PKA)?

<p>Phosphorylates target proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is directly involved in the termination of cAMP signaling?

<p>Degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterase enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating body temperature?

<p>Triggering sweating and shivering mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is not attributed to the hypothalamus?

<p>Producing growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?

<p>Stimulating growth, cell repair, and metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway describes the sequence of events in the regulation of GH release?

<p>Hypothalamus releases GHRH, leading to GH release by the anterior pituitary gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when IGF-1 levels are elevated in the body?

<p>They inhibit further GH release to maintain balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in the production of thyroid hormones?

<p>Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does elevated levels of T3 and T4 affect the release of TRH and TSH?

<p>Inhibit their release through negative feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GH secretion when growth plates close in adulthood?

<p>It increases, causing acromegaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive GH secretion during childhood and adolescence affect bone growth?

<p>Causes abnormal height and bone growth in gigantism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) released by the hypothalamus?

<p>Signals the anterior pituitary gland to release Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Prolactin?

<p>Stimulate milk production in mammary glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for boosting thyroid hormone production due to insufficient levels in the bloodstream?

<p>TSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can low T3 and T4 levels lead to?

<p>Sensitivity to cold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are hormones typically transported through the body?

<p>Traveling through the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces Prolactin?

<p>Pituitary gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates Prolactin levels in the body?

<p>Suckling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can elevated levels of prolactin outside of pregnancy and lactation be associated with?

<p>Hyperprolactinemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TSH stand for in endocrine terminology?

<p>&quot;Thyroid Stimulating Hormone&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are typically monitored in diagnosing and managing thyroid disorders?

<p>TSH, T3, and T4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of endocrinology as a specific study of hormones and endocrine organs?

<p>Study chemical messengers secreted by cells into extracellular fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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