Brain Function and Structure Quiz

Brain Structures and Functions

• The cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the brain.
• It consists of two halves known as cerebral hemispheres.
• The outer layer is called the cerebral cortex, which is highly folded to maximize surface area.
• The cerebrum plays a role in vision, learning, thinking, emotions, and movement.
• Specific areas within the cerebrum are responsible for different functions; for instance, the back cortex processes vision, while the front cortex is linked to cognitive functions.

Hypothalamus

• Located just beneath the center of the brain.
• Responsible for maintaining thermoregulation which keeps body temperature within a normal range.
• Produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland located below it, impacting various bodily functions.

Medulla Oblongata

• Found at the base of the brain, transitioning into the spinal cord.
• Automatically regulates breathing rate and heart rate, ensuring vital functions are maintained.

Cerebellum

• Positioned beneath the cerebrum, characterized by its own folded cortex.
• Essential for coordinating movement and maintaining balance.

Brain Imaging Techniques

• Surgical methods can visualize brain structures but carry significant risks; therefore, non-invasive imaging techniques are preferred.

Computed Tomography (CT) Scanners

• Utilize X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain.
• Dense brain structures absorb more radiation, appearing lighter on scans.
• Effective in identifying damaged areas; for example, bleeding from a stroke appears as lighter regions due to differing densities of blood and brain tissue.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scanners

• Employ strong magnetic fields and radio waves for high-resolution brain images.
• Superior for visualizing soft tissues, distinguishing normal from abnormal brain conditions, like tumors or multiple sclerosis.
• MRI images help identify the extent and location of diseases impacting brain function.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Scanners

• Similar to MRI, but focus on detecting brain activity in real-time through increased blood flow to active regions.
• Can pinpoint areas involved in specific functions, useful for studying motor activities during certain tasks.
• Employed in diagnosing conditions linked to abnormal brain activity, such as seizures.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scanners

• Use a radioactive tracer to visualize brain activity.
• The scanner assesses radioactivity to depict metabolism and brain function.
• Particularly effective for observing abnormalities in brain activity, crucial for studying neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.