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Questions and Answers
The lenticulostriate arteries, after passing through the space where the lenticular nucleus was, enter which structure?
The lenticulostriate arteries, after passing through the space where the lenticular nucleus was, enter which structure?
- Internal capsule (correct)
- Middle cerebral artery
- Insula
- Vertebrobasilar system
The middle cerebral artery is a branch of the vertebrobasilar system.
The middle cerebral artery is a branch of the vertebrobasilar system.
False (B)
The vertebrobasilar system supplies blood to the brainstem, parts of the cerebrum, and the spinal _____
The vertebrobasilar system supplies blood to the brainstem, parts of the cerebrum, and the spinal _____
cord
Which artery is NOT a direct branch of the vertebral artery?
Which artery is NOT a direct branch of the vertebral artery?
Which arteries does the internal carotid artery divide into?
Which arteries does the internal carotid artery divide into?
The basilar artery bifurcates into the posterior ________ arteries.
The basilar artery bifurcates into the posterior ________ arteries.
The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery before giving rise to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery before giving rise to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
The vertebral-basilar system supplies which major regions of the brain?
The vertebral-basilar system supplies which major regions of the brain?
Match the following arteries with their origin:
Match the following arteries with their origin:
Which of the following arteries supplies the labyrinth?
Which of the following arteries supplies the labyrinth?
The basilar artery bifurcates into the ________ cerebral arteries.
The basilar artery bifurcates into the ________ cerebral arteries.
Which of the following arteries primarily contribute to the brain's blood supply?
Which of the following arteries primarily contribute to the brain's blood supply?
Match each artery with its major branch:
Match each artery with its major branch:
The posterior cerebral artery is a branch of the vertebral artery.
The posterior cerebral artery is a branch of the vertebral artery.
Cerebral blood vessels dilate in response to increased blood pressure to maintain constant blood flow.
Cerebral blood vessels dilate in response to increased blood pressure to maintain constant blood flow.
What is the purpose of autoregulation in the context of cerebral blood flow?
What is the purpose of autoregulation in the context of cerebral blood flow?
If the posterior cerebral artery on one side originates from the internal carotid artery instead of the basilar artery, this is considered:
If the posterior cerebral artery on one side originates from the internal carotid artery instead of the basilar artery, this is considered:
The Circle of Willis is typically symmetrical in all individuals.
The Circle of Willis is typically symmetrical in all individuals.
The circle of Willis allows for distribution of contrast medium to the contralateral side during a unilateral injection due to its ______ nature.
The circle of Willis allows for distribution of contrast medium to the contralateral side during a unilateral injection due to its ______ nature.
Match the neuroimaging technique with its primary function:
Match the neuroimaging technique with its primary function:
Name two arteries that arise from the basilar artery before its bifurcation.
Name two arteries that arise from the basilar artery before its bifurcation.
What stimulates collaborative local responses of neurons, astrocytes, and cerebral vessels?
What stimulates collaborative local responses of neurons, astrocytes, and cerebral vessels?
Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning uses 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose to map decreased glucose consumption in specific brain areas during tasks.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning uses 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose to map decreased glucose consumption in specific brain areas during tasks.
Name two neuroimaging techniques used to study brain activity or blood flow.
Name two neuroimaging techniques used to study brain activity or blood flow.
What percentage of the body's total oxygen supply does the brain consume?
What percentage of the body's total oxygen supply does the brain consume?
Gray matter requires more blood supply than white matter due to the higher metabolic needs of neuronal cell bodies.
Gray matter requires more blood supply than white matter due to the higher metabolic needs of neuronal cell bodies.
Within what distance must a capillary be from any neuron in the cortex?
Within what distance must a capillary be from any neuron in the cortex?
The internal carotid artery provides approximately ______ of the brain's blood supply.
The internal carotid artery provides approximately ______ of the brain's blood supply.
Match the arteries with the brain regions they primarily supply:
Match the arteries with the brain regions they primarily supply:
Which of the following would most likely occur after 20 seconds of ischemia?
Which of the following would most likely occur after 20 seconds of ischemia?
The vertebral artery supplies 80% of the brain's blood flow.
The vertebral artery supplies 80% of the brain's blood flow.
Name one structure that the anterior choroidal artery supplies.
Name one structure that the anterior choroidal artery supplies.
Which brain region is activated by both white noise and spoken words, as indicated by increased blood flow in fMRI scans?
Which brain region is activated by both white noise and spoken words, as indicated by increased blood flow in fMRI scans?
Functional MRI data of a subject watching a reversing checkerboard only activates the occipital cortex.
Functional MRI data of a subject watching a reversing checkerboard only activates the occipital cortex.
What technique is used to map blood flow after intravenous injection of H215O?
What technique is used to map blood flow after intravenous injection of H215O?
Moving visual stimuli activate an area on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe, near its junction with the ______ lobe.
Moving visual stimuli activate an area on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe, near its junction with the ______ lobe.
What type of MRI scan is used to reconstruct the surface of the subject's brain for coregistration with PET data?
What type of MRI scan is used to reconstruct the surface of the subject's brain for coregistration with PET data?
Match the stimulus with the primary brain region it activates (according to the text):
Match the stimulus with the primary brain region it activates (according to the text):
Why is coregistration of PET and MRI data important when studying brain activity?
Why is coregistration of PET and MRI data important when studying brain activity?
The calcarine sulcus is the principal thalamic nucleus relaying visual information.
The calcarine sulcus is the principal thalamic nucleus relaying visual information.
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between ventricular spaces, subarachnoid spaces, and the brain's extracellular spaces?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between ventricular spaces, subarachnoid spaces, and the brain's extracellular spaces?
Circumventricular organs are characterized by a fully intact blood-brain barrier, similar to most brain regions, but located near ventricles.
Circumventricular organs are characterized by a fully intact blood-brain barrier, similar to most brain regions, but located near ventricles.
Which circumventricular organ is primarily involved in detecting toxins in the bloodstream and initiating the vomiting reflex?
Which circumventricular organ is primarily involved in detecting toxins in the bloodstream and initiating the vomiting reflex?
The pineal gland secretes __________, which plays a role in regulating circadian rhythms.
The pineal gland secretes __________, which plays a role in regulating circadian rhythms.
Which of the following best describes the role of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis?
Which of the following best describes the role of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis?
Match the following blood drainage systems with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following blood drainage systems with their corresponding descriptions:
Explain why the median eminence is crucial for neuroendocrine function. What structural characteristic allows it to perform this function?
Explain why the median eminence is crucial for neuroendocrine function. What structural characteristic allows it to perform this function?
A researcher is studying the effects of a neurotoxin that can easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Which area would be MOST vulnerable to direct exposure and subsequent damage?
A researcher is studying the effects of a neurotoxin that can easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Which area would be MOST vulnerable to direct exposure and subsequent damage?
Flashcards
Brain Weight Proportion
Brain Weight Proportion
The brain constitutes about 2% of total body weight.
Brain's Share of Cardiac Output
Brain's Share of Cardiac Output
The brain uses around 15% of cardiac output.
Brain Oxygen Consumption
Brain Oxygen Consumption
The brain consumes 25% of the body’s oxygen.
Ischemia: Time to Unconsciousness
Ischemia: Time to Unconsciousness
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Ischemia: Brain Electrical Activity Stops
Ischemia: Brain Electrical Activity Stops
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Anterior Choroidal Artery (AChA) Function
Anterior Choroidal Artery (AChA) Function
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Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Function
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Function
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Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Function
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Function
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Brain's Blood Supply
Brain's Blood Supply
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Circle of Willis
Circle of Willis
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Cerebral Arteries
Cerebral Arteries
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Autoregulation (Brain)
Autoregulation (Brain)
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Collaborative Local Response
Collaborative Local Response
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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PET Scan Use
PET Scan Use
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Internal Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
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Middle and Anterior Cerebral Arteries
Middle and Anterior Cerebral Arteries
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Basilar Artery
Basilar Artery
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Anterior Inferior and Superior Cerebellar Arteries
Anterior Inferior and Superior Cerebellar Arteries
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Posterior Cerebral Arteries
Posterior Cerebral Arteries
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Posterior Communicating Artery
Posterior Communicating Artery
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Lenticulostriate Arteries
Lenticulostriate Arteries
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Vertebrobasilar System
Vertebrobasilar System
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Vertebral Artery Branches
Vertebral Artery Branches
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Basilar Artery Branches
Basilar Artery Branches
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Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
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Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)
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Superior Cerebellar Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
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Superior Temporal Gyrus activation
Superior Temporal Gyrus activation
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Spoken Words
Spoken Words
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Occipital Cortex
Occipital Cortex
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
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Calcarine Sulcus
Calcarine Sulcus
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Coregistration (PET and MRI)
Coregistration (PET and MRI)
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Communicating Brain Spaces
Communicating Brain Spaces
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Circumventricular Organs
Circumventricular Organs
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Subfornical Organ (SFO)
Subfornical Organ (SFO)
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Vascular Organ of the Lamina Terminalis (VOLT)
Vascular Organ of the Lamina Terminalis (VOLT)
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Pineal Gland
Pineal Gland
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Area Postrema
Area Postrema
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Superficial Veins of brain
Superficial Veins of brain
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Deep Veins of Brain
Deep Veins of Brain
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Study Notes
Brain Blood Supply
- Brain represents 2% of total body weight.
- It consumes 15% of cardiac output.
- Brain utilizes 25% of the body's oxygen.
- Ischemia leads to loss of consciousness in 10 seconds.
- Ischemia causes electrical activity to cease in 20 seconds.
- Capillaries are located no more than ≤100 µm from any neuron in the cortex.
Internal Carotid Artery
- Supplies 80% of brain's blood
- Branches: ophthalmic a., anterior choroidal a., posterior communicating a.
- Bifurcates into middle and anterior cerebral arteries.
Vertebral Artery
- Supplies 20% of brains blood
- Supplies anterior and posterior spinal arteries, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Anterior Choroidal Artery (AChA)
- Supplies optic tract, choroid plexus, internal capsule, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral peduncle.
Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Supplies anterior communicating artery.
- Perfuses the frontal and parietal lobes.
- Specifically, it supplies medial parts and partly dorsolateral surface
- Encompasses A1 & A2 segments
- Continues as a. pericallosa
Middle Cerebral Artery
- Includes medial and lateral lenticulostriate arteries that supply basal nuclei & internal capsule.
- Includes Insular branches
- Supplies the insula and lateral surface of the hemisphere
Vertebrobasilar System
- This system provides blood to the brainstem.
- It also supplies parts of the cerebrum and spinal cord.
Basilar Artery
- Anterior Inferior Cerebellar, Labyrinthine, Pontine; Superior Cerebellar Arteries; Posterior Cerebral Arteries
- Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord:
Anterior and Posterior Spinal Arteries
- Anterior spinal artery supllies 2/3 of the spinal cord.
- Posterior spinal artery supplies 1/3 of the spinal cord.
Control of Cerebral Blood Flow
- The total flow rate remains constant despite regional changes.
- Autoregulation: Cerebral blood vessels maintain consistent flow.
- Vessels constrict when blood pressure increases and relax when it decreases.
- Collaborative local response: Neurons, astrocytes, and cerebral vessels collaborate to respond to neural activity.
Deep Cerebral Veins
- Thalamostriate v.
- Choroidal v.
- Internal cerebral v.
- Great cerebral v.
- Straight sinus
Subependymal Region
- This drains venous blood into the inferior sagittal sinus superiorly or into the great cerebral vein of Galen inferiorly.
- Both the superior and inferior drain into the straight sinus.
Superficial Veins
- Superior cerebral v.
- Superficial middle v.
- Superior and inferior anastomotic v.
Dural Venous Sinuses
- Superior sagittal, Inferior sagittal, Straight, Occipital; Confluence of sinuses, Transverse (right and left), Sigmoid (right and left), Cavernous (paired), Intercavernous, Sphenoparietal (paired), Superior petrosal (paired), Inferior petrosal (paired), Basilar
Ventricles
- Lateral
- Third
- Fourth
- Interventricular foramen
- Cerebral aqueduct
- Lateral recess
- Lateral aperture
- Median aperture
Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Volume is approximately 150 ml in general.
- Volume In ventricles is about 25 ml (range is 10-50 ml).
- Volume in III & IV ventricles together is about 2 ml.
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Description
Explore the intricate network of arteries providing blood to the brain. Key arteries include lenticulostriate, middle cerebral, vertebral, and basilar arteries. Understand their origins, branches, supplied regions, and their roles in brain function.
