Brain Anatomy: Lobes and Acquired Language Disorders

This lobe is responsible for planning and executing volitional behavior.

Frontal (correct)

Temporal

Parietal

Occipital

This side of the temporal lobe appears to be important for the interpretation of complex nonverbal visual stimuli and for recognition and comprehension of nonverbal sounds, including receptive components of music.

Anterior temporal lobe

Right temporal lobe (correct)

Left temporal lobe

Association cortex

This lobe is important for perception, integration, and mediation of touch, body awareness, and visuospatial information.

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal (correct)

Occipital

Damage in the association cortex in either of these lobes typically disturbs position sense and causes various visuospatial impairments.

Parietal Signup and view all the answers

Damage in the association cortex adjacent to the visual cortex in either hemisphere typically causes visual agnosia and distorted visual perceptions

Occipital Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the primary motor cortex causes weakness or paralysis of muscle groups on what side of the body?

Contralateral Signup and view all the answers

This portion of the temporal lobe appears to be important for pitch discrimination and separating an auditory signal from a noise background.

Anterior temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Damage in the visual association cortex in what hemisphere usually causes severe reading impairment?

Left Signup and view all the answers

Damage to this part of the frontal lobes may cause a variety of impairments, including disturbed affect, attentional impairments, and difficulties initiating and maintaining behavior.

Anterior frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What lobe is important for the perception and processing of auditory stimuli>

Temporal Signup and view all the answers

Responsible for initiating most, if not all, skilled volitional movement

Pyramidal system Signup and view all the answers

This is a diffuse system of subcortical structures and pathway arising from diverse locations in the CNS (primarily the BG) and projecting to cranial and spinal nerves

Extra-pyramidal system Signup and view all the answers

This system is responsible for balance and orientation of the body in space and for maintaining general states of attention and alertness

Vestibular-Reticular System Signup and view all the answers

A condition in which patients fail to recognize otherwise familiar stimuli in a sensory modality even though basic perception in that modality is preserved

Agnosia Signup and view all the answers

Difficulty in carrying out sequences of volitional movements in the absence of weakness, paralysis, sensory loss, or incoordination in the muscles used for the movements.

Apraxia Signup and view all the answers

This is the major source of blood to the brain.

Internal carotid Signup and view all the answers

This artery supplies the upper and anterior frontal lobes and the anterior corpus callosum.

Anterior cerebral artery Signup and view all the answers

This artery supplies the posterior frontal lobe, most of the parietal and temporal lobes, plus the thalamus and basal ganglia

Middle cerebral artery Signup and view all the answers

Damage to this artery affects the calcarine cortex (Primary visual), thalamus, upper midbrain, and hippocampus. It can cause visual impairments, low pain tolerance, coma, movement disorder, and memory deficits

Posterior cerebral artery Signup and view all the answers

This artery supplies the occipital lobe and the inferior temporal lobe.

Posterior cerebral artery Signup and view all the answers

Damage to this artery can cause contralateral sensorimotor deficits, visual deficits, aphasia, apraxia, cognitive deficits

Middle cerebral artery Signup and view all the answers

Ischemic is the most common form of stroke.

True Signup and view all the answers

This structure supplies blood to the entire brain via cortical and central arteries. It provides collateral blood flow, equalizes pressure, and redundancy in case of occlusion

Circle of Willis Signup and view all the answers

How can the blood brain barrier be broken down?

Hypertension - high blood pressure Hyperosmolitity- high concentration of a substance can open the BBB Microwaves- exposure to microwaves open the BBB Radiation Infectious agents Trauma, Ischemia, inflammation, pressure Signup and view all the answers

This artery supplies blood to the facial muscles, forehead, and oral, nasal, orbital cavities

External cartoid Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 acute-onset diseases that can stabilize and improve over time?

Abscesses Encephalitis Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Stroke TBI Signup and view all the answers

Nearly 50% of patients demonstrate cognitive impairments over time (memory, sustained attention, processing speed) with language difficulties being less common.

MS Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequent cause of dementia?

Alzheimer's Signup and view all the answers

This progressive disease is caused by deterioration of dopamine-producing neurons in the BG (substantia nigra) and brainstem. Symptoms include resting tremors, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability.

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

In the United States, what disease is second to Alzheimer's disease as a cause of dementia?

Vascular disease Signup and view all the answers