M2: Neuropathologies

This lobe is responsible for planning and executing volitional behavior.

This side of the temporal lobe appears to be important for the interpretation of complex nonverbal visual stimuli and for recognition and comprehension of nonverbal sounds, including receptive components of music.

This lobe is important for perception, integration, and mediation of touch, body awareness, and visuospatial information.

Damage in the association cortex in either of these lobes typically disturbs position sense and causes various visuospatial impairments.

Damage in the association cortex adjacent to the visual cortex in either hemisphere typically causes visual agnosia and distorted visual perceptions

Damage to the primary motor cortex causes weakness or paralysis of muscle groups on what side of the body?

This portion of the temporal lobe appears to be important for pitch discrimination and separating an auditory signal from a noise background.

Damage in the visual association cortex in what hemisphere usually causes severe reading impairment?

Damage to this part of the frontal lobes may cause a variety of impairments, including disturbed affect, attentional impairments, and difficulties initiating and maintaining behavior.

What lobe is important for the perception and processing of auditory stimuli>

Responsible for initiating most, if not all, skilled volitional movement

This is a diffuse system of subcortical structures and pathway arising from diverse locations in the CNS (primarily the BG) and projecting to cranial and spinal nerves

This system is responsible for balance and orientation of the body in space and for maintaining general states of attention and alertness

A condition in which patients fail to recognize otherwise familiar stimuli in a sensory modality even though basic perception in that modality is preserved

Difficulty in carrying out sequences of volitional movements in the absence of weakness, paralysis, sensory loss, or incoordination in the muscles used for the movements.

This is the major source of blood to the brain.

This artery supplies the upper and anterior frontal lobes and the anterior corpus callosum.

This artery supplies the posterior frontal lobe, most of the parietal and temporal lobes, plus the thalamus and basal ganglia

Damage to this artery affects the calcarine cortex (Primary visual), thalamus, upper midbrain, and hippocampus. It can cause visual impairments, low pain tolerance, coma, movement disorder, and memory deficits

This artery supplies the occipital lobe and the inferior temporal lobe.

Damage to this artery can cause contralateral sensorimotor deficits, visual deficits, aphasia, apraxia, cognitive deficits

Ischemic is the most common form of stroke.

This structure supplies blood to the entire brain via cortical and central arteries. It provides collateral blood flow, equalizes pressure, and redundancy in case of occlusion

How can the blood brain barrier be broken down?

This artery supplies blood to the facial muscles, forehead, and oral, nasal, orbital cavities

What are 3 acute-onset diseases that can stabilize and improve over time?

Nearly 50% of patients demonstrate cognitive impairments over time (memory, sustained attention, processing speed) with language difficulties being less common.

What is the most frequent cause of dementia?

This progressive disease is caused by deterioration of dopamine-producing neurons in the BG (substantia nigra) and brainstem. Symptoms include resting tremors, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability.

In the United States, what disease is second to Alzheimer's disease as a cause of dementia?

Frontal Lobe Function

Temporal Lobe Function (Left)

Temporal Lobe Function (Right)

Parietal Lobe Function

Motor Cortex Function

Visual Cortex Damage (Left)

Cerebellum Function

Agnosia

Apraxia

Circle of Willis Function

Anterior Cerebral Artery Function

Middle Cerebral Artery Function

Posterior Cerebral Artery Function

Internal Carotid Artery Function

Vertebral & Basilar Arteries Function

Blood-Brain Barrier Function

External Carotid Artery Function

Acute-Onset Neurological Disease Example

Dementia Symptoms

Parkinson's Disease Cause

Dementia Common Cause