50 Questions
Which nervous system sub-division is involved in relaxation and opposes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What effect does sympathetic nervous system activation have on heart rate?
Increases heart rate
Which function is associated with sympathetic nervous system activation?
Increased sweating
Why are cranial nerves called so?
Because they emanate directly from the brain
Which structure is NOT part of the Basal Ganglia?
Hippocampus
What type of learning involves movement skills such as riding a bike and playing an instrument?
Procedural Learning
Which part of the brain is implicated in addiction?
Nucleus Accumbens
What type of learning is facilitated by the Basal Ganglia?
Implicit Learning
What type of learning involves inferring the meanings of social cues and gestures?
Social Skills Learning
Which type of learning does NOT involve a clear subjective sense of how the learning happened?
Implicit Learning
What type of learning is facilitated by the hippocampus?
Episodic Learning
What is the role of negative punishment in behavior modification?
To decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring
What occurs in extinction in terms of reinforcement?
Behavior that used to be reinforced no longer receives positively reinforcing stimulus
What is the function of the nucleus accumbens in instrumental conditioning patterns?
Related to the processes of positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
What is the role of the amygdala in social learning for autistic individuals?
Causes overactive amygdala, leading to avoidance of eye contact and facial cues
Which cranial nerve controls throat and larynx muscles and receives sensory input for taste?
Facial nerve
Which cranial nerve is purely sensory and connected to the olfactory bulb for smell reception?
Olfactory nerve
Which cranial nerve serves the viscera and has inhibitory motor signals?
Vagus nerve
Which cranial nerve provides hearing and balance signals to the brain?
Vestibular nerve
Which cranial nerve controls neck muscles?
Spinal accessory nerve
Which cranial nerve has three subdivisions for sensory input and controls motor movement of the jaw muscles?
Trigeminal nerve
Which cranial nerve controls tongue muscles?
Hypoglossal nerve
Which part of the spine can experience issues due to bipedal movement?
Lumbar vertebrae
Which nerve compression causes severe facial pain?
Trigeminal nerve
What type of signals does the vagus nerve have?
Inhibitory motor signals
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Receives sensory input for taste
Which brain structure is responsible for maintaining and transitioning between various sleep stages and levels of alertness?
Pons
Which brain structure is responsible for regulating body temperature, thirst, urination, and blood pressure?
Hypothalamus
Which brain structure acts as a relay and filtering station, connecting sensory input from the peripheries to the cortex and other sub-cortical structures?
Thalamus
Which brain structure controls basic functions like heart rate, breathing, vomiting, and sneezing?
Medulla
Which brain structure is responsible for reinforcing the feeling of opioid use?
Medulla
Which brain structure suppresses medulla function, leading to respiratory depression and potentially death?
Medulla
Which brain structure regulates homeostasis, the 'Four Fs' (fight, flight, feeding, and reproduction), circadian rhythm, thermoregulation, and hydration levels?
Hypothalamus
Which brain structure controls the entire endocrine system through the 'master' pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Which brain structure is responsible for hunger (ghrelin release), satiety (leptin release), and reproduction?
Hypothalamus
Which brain structure is responsible for the facilitation of information transfer between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
Pons
Which brain structure is potentially the location of the theoretical gate in the spinal cord which regulates pain input, according to the gate theory of pain?
Pons
Which brain structure triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress?
Hypothalamus
Which brain structure plays a major role in movement, balance, coordination, and the learning involved in classical conditioning?
Cerebellum
Which brain structure is responsible for episodic learning and spatial navigation?
Hippocampus
Which brain structure is responsible for implicit learning?
Basal ganglia
Which brain structure is responsible for operant conditioning and addiction?
Nucleus accumbens
Which brain structure is involved in the reward system and dopamine production?
Ventral tegmental area
Which brain structure bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the limbic system due to the evolutionary precedence of chemical senses?
Olfactory and gustatory sensory input
Which brain structure serves as a relay and filtering station for sensory input, suppressing irrelevant stimuli to maintain focus?
Thalamus
What type of conditioning involves unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses, with the cerebellum facilitating the learning of conditioned responses?
Classical conditioning
Which brain structure is agonized by dopaminergic agonists, influencing the availability of D2 receptors?
Nucleus accumbens
What is responsible for the resorption and eventual return of dopamine D2 receptors after exposure to excitotoxic substances?
Nucleus accumbens
What are the types of operant conditioning that involve specific stimuli to modify behavior?
Positive and negative reinforcement
Which brain structure mimics drunkenness when affected by strokes, impacting balance, coordination, and movement smoothness?
Cerebellum
Study Notes
Brain Anatomy and Learning Processes
- Olfactory and gustatory sensory input bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the limbic system due to the evolutionary precedence of chemical senses before the neocortex.
- The thalamus serves as a relay and filtering station for sensory input, suppressing irrelevant stimuli to maintain focus.
- The cerebellum plays a major role in movement, balance, coordination, and the learning involved in classical conditioning.
- Cerebellar strokes mimic drunkenness, affecting balance, coordination, and movement smoothness.
- Classical conditioning involves unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses, with the cerebellum facilitating the learning of conditioned responses.
- The hippocampus is responsible for episodic learning and spatial navigation, while the basal ganglia is responsible for implicit learning.
- The nucleus accumbens is responsible for operant conditioning and addiction, with lower availability of dopamine D2 receptors in addicts after exposure to dopaminergic drugs.
- The reward system involves a pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, with dopamine production and transportation playing a key role.
- Lower availability of D2 receptors is an outcome of the brain's neuroprotective mechanisms after exposure to excitotoxic substances, with resorption and eventual return of receptors.
- Types of operant conditioning include positive and negative reinforcement, as well as positive punishment, each involving specific stimuli to modify behavior.
- The nucleus accumbens is agonized by dopaminergic agonists, influencing the availability of D2 receptors.
- The learning processes and brain areas involved in sensory input, movement, conditioning, and addiction play crucial roles in understanding brain function and behavior.
Test your knowledge of brain anatomy and learning processes with this quiz. Explore the roles of the thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and more in sensory input, movement, conditioning, and addiction. Dive into the complexities of brain function and behavior.
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