Brain Anatomy and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which area of the brain is linked to better outcomes with the antidepressant sertraline?

  • Rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) (correct)
  • Amygdala
  • Frontal lobe
  • Hippocampus

What is the primary neurotransmitter affected by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline?

  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin (correct)
  • Norepinephrine

According to the monoamine hypothesis, which neurotransmitters are believed to be depleted in depression?

  • Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (correct)
  • Cortisol and serotonin
  • Norepinephrine and histamine
  • Serotonin and dopamine

Which symptom is NOT included in the diagnostic criteria for depression?

<p>Heightened sense of well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes neuropeptides from neurotransmitters?

<p>Neuropeptides are larger than neurotransmitters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical messenger is primarily released for communication in the brain?

<p>Neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic that can help identify the axon in a neuron?

<p>Transmits impulses away from the cell body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect on mood and behavior do antidepressants like sertraline aim to achieve?

<p>An enhancement of serotonin transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain regions is primarily responsible for regulating aggression?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'sufficiency' in the context of brain function?

<p>A condition that is enough to perform a specific function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does social isolation have on aggressive behavior based on the fly study?

<p>Increases aggressive behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique was used to activate the attack neurons in the experiments?

<p>Channelrhodopsin activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the amygdala in emotional processing?

<p>It influences emotional control and fear response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between necessity and aggression?

<p>Attack neurons are necessary for aggression to occur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the study, what happens when the vmhvl neurons are silenced?

<p>Aggressive behavior decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical reference terms describe the location of the amygdala as being towards the front?

<p>Rostral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for vision?

<p>Rhodopsin on photoreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a chemotopic map from a tonotopic map?

<p>Chemotopic maps feature overlapping domains for structurally similar odorants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does capsaicin interact with the TRPV1 receptor?

<p>It binds to TRPV1 and activates the sensation of pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an antagonist in receptor pharmacology?

<p>To prevent the receptor from being activated by ligands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for nonpolar molecules like capsaicin?

<p>They do not dissolve well in polar solutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the sequence of an action potential?

<p>Na+ channels open (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hyperpolarization during an action potential?

<p>Opening of K+ channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term membrane potential?

<p>The voltage difference across the membrane due to ion concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug blocks voltage-gated sodium channels?

<p>Tetrodotoxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a reduction of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex indicate?

<p>Decreased ability to regulate emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the prefrontal cortex modulate anger responses?

<p>By regulating the amygdala and hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological function is primarily affected by the loss of cell bodies in the prefrontal cortex?

<p>Emotional regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an action potential primarily characterized by?

<p>Traveling electrical impulses due to ion concentration changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cochlea play in the auditory system?

<p>It converts sound waves into neural signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the spiral configuration of the cochlea contribute to sound perception?

<p>It creates a tonotopic map for varying frequency stimulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes vertigo related to the vestibular system?

<p>Constant neural impulses caused by stuck calcium carbonate crystals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do the calcium carbonate crystals serve in the vestibular system?

<p>They provide weight to stimulate hair cells during head movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hair cells in the cochlea?

<p>They organize sound frequencies into a tonotopic map. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which taste is associated with glutamate, commonly known as MSG?

<p>Umami (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain perceive the position of the body related to the vestibular system?

<p>By analyzing neural impulses from the vestibular hair cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the cochlea?

<p>Semicircular canals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory transduction?

<p>To convert various forms of energy into neural signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photoreceptor is more sensitive in dim lighting conditions?

<p>Rods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rhodopsin function in the photoreceptor cells?

<p>It undergoes a conformational change when struck by a photon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the dorsal stream from the ventral stream in visual processing?

<p>Dorsal stream is involved in 'where' aspects, while ventral stream handles 'what' aspects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coding scheme uses individual neurons to represent a specific stimulus?

<p>Grandmother cell coding scheme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do hair cells play in auditory sensory transduction?

<p>They detect movement in response to sound waves and trigger neural signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure-function relationship in the visual system?

<p>The unequal distribution of rods and cones affects visual acuity and sensitivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is specifically associated with deficits in the ventral stream?

<p>Prosopagnosia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

rACC theta activity

Increased brain activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), measured by theta waves, linked to better antidepressant response (like sertraline).

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers in the brain that transmit signals between neurons.

Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression

A theory proposing that low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain are the cause of depression.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood regulation, among other functions.

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SSRI

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, drugs that increase serotonin activity in the brain by preventing its reabsorption.

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Neuron

A specialized cell that transmits electrical or chemical signals in the nervous system.

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Axon

The long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits signals to other neurons or target cells.

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Depression Symptoms

Persistent low mood, loss of interest, weight changes, slowed movement, fatigue, worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death. (Diagnostic criteria).

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Action Potential Steps

The sequential opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels during a nerve impulse.

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Membrane Potential

The voltage difference across a cell membrane, due to unequal ion distribution inside and outside the cell.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not transmitting an impulse.

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Tetrodotoxin

A drug that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing action potentials.

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Prefrontal Cortex Gray Matter Loss

Reduced gray matter in the prefrontal cortex can lead to impaired regulation of emotions and difficulty controlling impulses.

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Dopamine Reward Prediction

Dopamine signals the difference between predicted and actual reward, crucial for learning.

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Mesolimbic Pathway Components

Key components of the brain's reward pathway involve dopamine-releasing neurons.

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Prefrontal Cortex Anger Modulation

The prefrontal cortex regulates emotional responses like anger, interacting with the amygdala and hypothalamus.

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Hypothalamus Function

The hypothalamus regulates basic drives like fear, thirst, sex, sleep, and aggression.

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Amygdala Role

The amygdala plays a crucial role in emotions, affecting motivation, emotional control, fear responses, and interpreting nonverbal emotional expressions.

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Ventrolateral Hypothalamus (VMHvl)

A specific area in the hypothalamus that contains neurons responsible for aggressive behavior.

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Optogenetic Activation

Using light to stimulate specific neurons, it can help researchers study the function of those neurons.

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Halorhodopsin Experiment

Using light to inhibit specific neurons (attack neurons in VMHvl) to demonstrate their necessity in aggression.

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Attack Neurons Necessity

Attack neurons in the VMHvl are necessary for aggression, meaning that aggression cannot occur without them.

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Social Isolation Effect

Social isolation increases aggressive behavior, likely due to changes in gene expression.

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Cyp6a20 Gene

A gene in flies whose expression is linked to aggression levels, with lower expression linked to higher aggression.

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Sensory Transduction

The process of converting external stimuli, like light or sound, into electrical signals that the nervous system can understand.

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Chemotopic Map

A map in the olfactory bulb that organizes odors based on the types of receptors they activate. Similar odors activate nearby regions.

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Capsaicin

The active ingredient in chili peppers that causes a burning sensation. It binds to TRPV1 receptors, which are also activated by heat.

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TRPV1 Receptor

A type of ion channel that is activated by both capsaicin (from chili peppers) and heat, causing a burning sensation.

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Agonist

A drug that mimics the action of a natural chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) in the body, activating its receptor.

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What are the two types of emotional processing?

Explicit emotional processing is conscious and declarative, involving conscious evaluation of emotions. Implicit emotional processing is unconscious and automatic, involving immediate reactions to emotional stimuli without conscious awareness.

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Rhodopsin

A light-sensitive pigment found in rod photoreceptor cells of the retina. When struck by light, it undergoes a conformational change, initiating the visual transduction cascade.

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Transducin

A G-protein that is activated by rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor cells. This activation triggers a cascade of events leading to the closing of sodium channels in the cell's membrane.

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Hyperpolarization

The change in membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell where it becomes more negative. This is caused by the closing of sodium channels, reducing the cell's sensitivity to light.

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How do rods and cones differ?

Rods are highly sensitive to light, enabling vision in low-light conditions. Cones are less sensitive, allowing for color vision and fine detail in brighter light.

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What happens to light as it reaches the retina?

Light passes through the layers of the retina, eventually reaching the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). These cells contain rhodopsin, which changes shape in response to light, triggering the visual transduction cascade.

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What is the role of hair cells in auditory transduction?

Hair cells in the inner ear are mechanoreceptors, meaning they respond to mechanical forces. Sound waves cause these hair cells to move, triggering the release of neurotransmitters and generating neural signals that are sent to the brain.

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Tonotopic Map

An organized arrangement of neurons in the cochlea and auditory cortex, where neurons sensitive to similar sound frequencies are located close together.

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Cochlea Structure

A spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound waves. It contains the Organ of Corti, with hair cells that convert vibrations into neural signals.

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Vestibular System

A sensory system located in the inner ear, responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. It uses calcium carbonate crystals and hair cells to detect head movements.

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Vertigo and Calcium Carbonate Crystals

Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness often caused by misfiring in the vestibular system. Calcium carbonate crystals can become dislodged and over-activate hair cells, sending false signals to the brain.

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How Does the Vestibular System Work?

The vestibular system contains three semicircular canals filled with fluid and calcium carbonate crystals. When the head moves, the crystals collide with hair cells, bending them and triggering neural signals.

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Five Basic Tastes

The five basic tastes are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. They are all detected by taste buds on the tongue.

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Umami Flavor

A savory taste sensation produced by the amino acid glutamate. It is commonly found in foods like mushrooms, cheese, and soy sauce.

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Study Notes

Brain Anatomy and Function

  • The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, such as planning, organization, and managing time.
  • The medulla oblongata controls breathing.
  • The cerebellum controls coordination, balance, and posture, and cognitive functions like attention, language, and fear memory.
  • The parietal lobe processes sensory information, including pain and touch, and helps with spatial relationships.
  • The occipital lobe is crucial for vision, including shape and color recognition.
  • The temporal lobe is involved in hearing, language, short-term memory, and smell recognition.
  • The cerebrum controls conscious and unconscious behaviors, feelings, intelligence, and memory.
  • The thalamus acts as a relay center for sensory systems.

Lesion Studies and Brain Function

  • Loss-of-function lesion studies can be used to determine the function of brain regions.
  • When a brain region is removed, the function it performed is typically lost.
  • Lobotomies sever the connection between the frontal lobe and thalamus. This can lead to behavioral effects.

Brain Imaging and Antidepressants

  • Brain imaging is not reliable for diagnosis but can predict responsiveness to antidepressants.
  • Increased theta activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) is linked with better antidepressant response.
  • Rostral refers to the portion closest to the nose.

Neurotransmitters and Depression

  • Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are neurotransmitters involved in chemical transmission in the brain, thought to be implicated in depression.
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) affect neurotransmission.
  • These drugs are thought to treat depression by increasing the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system.

Symptoms of Depression

  • Depressed mood most of the day
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
  • Significant weight loss/gain, or changes in appetite
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Fatigue
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Thoughts of death or suicide

Brain Anatomy (Page 4)

  • Describes the direction of the brain, and the lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)

Neuron Structure and Function

  • Dendritic spines: where neurons receive messages
  • Axon terminals typically where neurons send messages
  • Axon size depends on neuron; the longest axon is sciatic nerve.
  • Axon lengths vary, from fractions of a mm to over a meter in the human body.
  • Exocytosis: substances released via vesicles
  • Endocytosis: substances brought into the cell via vesicles
  • Botox inhibits vesicles from fusing to the plasma membrane; blocking exocytosis.
  • Dynamin mutants' vesicles cannot split from plasma membrane, affecting synaptic transmission.

Neuronal Electrical Activity

  • Hyperpolarization: membrane potential becomes more negative.
  • Depolarization: membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive).
  • Action potential: opening and closing of ion channels
  • Membrane potential: voltage difference across the membrane due to ion concentrations.
  • Resting membrane potential: the voltage difference across the membrane when a neuron is at rest.
  • Action potential is the travelling electrical impulse.
  • Tetrodotoxin (ttx) blocks voltage-gated sodium channels.
  • Botox inhibits vesicles from fusing to the plasma membrane.

Neurochemistry

  • Energy and matter cannot be created or destroyed, but changes form.
  • Counterarguments against the monoamine hypothesis of depression exist.
  • The mesolimbic pathway is an important component of the reward center.

Prefrontal Cortex & Impulse Control

  • Prefrontal cortex: reductions in gray matter linked to impulsive behavior, difficulty controlling emotions, and reduced ability in dealing with emotions and determining when it's appropriate to express emotions.
  • Amygdala: important emotional control center

Brain Areas & Aggressive Behavior

  • Specific neurons within the ventrolateral hypothalamus (VMHvl) are important for aggression.
  • Animal studies using optogenetics (manipulation of neuron activity)show that activation of VMHvl neurons are sufficient to elicit aggressive behavior.
  • Studies show that social isolation increases aggressive behavior.
  • There are variations in aggressiveness based on social experience.

Brain Regions and Emotional Processing

  • Amygdala: Influences motivation, emotional control, fear response processing, interpretation of nonverbal expressions
  • Explicit Emotional Processing: Conscious evaluation of emotional states
  • Implicit Emotional Processing: Unconscious, automatic processing of emotional stimuli

Sensory Transduction

  • Sensory transduction converts various forms of external energy (light, sound) into neural signals.
  • In vision, light detection involves rhodopsin undergoing a conformational change.
  • In hearing, sound waves affect mechanoreceptors on hair cells.

Visual System and Auditory System

  • The retina contains photoreceptors (rods and cones), with varying sensitivity to light and spatial distribution.
  • Visual information is sent to the visual cortex, with distinct pathways (ventral and dorsal streams) involved in object recognition and action
  • The auditory system uses hair cells, the basilar membrane in the cochlea, and tonotopic maps (frequency encoding) to process sound.

Taste and Smell

  • The different tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami) are detected by different types of receptors and pathways.
  • The olfactory system detects smell, using a chemotopic map in the olfactory bulb, where similar odorants activate overlapping receptors
  • Loss of smell (anosmia) is common after some head injuries.

Inner Ear and Balance

  • The inner ear helps maintain balance. (semicircular canals, and vestibule)
  • Calcium carbonate crystals are found in the inner ear which activate hair cells when the head moves contributing to balance.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the different parts of the brain and their functions. From the frontal lobe's role in executive functions to the occipital lobe's involvement in vision, this quiz covers essential aspects of neuroanatomy. Understand the impact of lesions on the brain and learn how they reveal the functions of various regions.

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