Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does Tolstoy believe 'universal' art must conform to?
What does Tolstoy believe 'universal' art must conform to?
According to Tolstoy, what must 'good' art communicate?
According to Tolstoy, what must 'good' art communicate?
Which of the following is NOT considered as an example of 'good' art by Tolstoy?
Which of the following is NOT considered as an example of 'good' art by Tolstoy?
What does Tolstoy argue is the ultimate aim of art?
What does Tolstoy argue is the ultimate aim of art?
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What does Tolstoy's concept of 'universal' art affirm?
What does Tolstoy's concept of 'universal' art affirm?
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Why may Tolstoy's viewpoint on art being 'good' if it communicates religious experience be disputed?
Why may Tolstoy's viewpoint on art being 'good' if it communicates religious experience be disputed?
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How did some methods of applying ink involve a sharpened object on a stick?
How did some methods of applying ink involve a sharpened object on a stick?
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What is one method mentioned for applying tattoos in the text?
What is one method mentioned for applying tattoos in the text?
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Who has recently produced an edition of the modern translation of the Boxer Codex?
Who has recently produced an edition of the modern translation of the Boxer Codex?
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In what year did Quirino work closely with Boxer during the production of the original undertaking of the project?
In what year did Quirino work closely with Boxer during the production of the original undertaking of the project?
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Who are some historians speculated to have sponsored the creation of the Boxer Codex?
Who are some historians speculated to have sponsored the creation of the Boxer Codex?
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What material were Bisayans known to use for painting their bodies with tattoos?
What material were Bisayans known to use for painting their bodies with tattoos?
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What do women wear as jewelry according to the text?
What do women wear as jewelry according to the text?
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What is the significance of the head or skull to the natives of Zambales?
What is the significance of the head or skull to the natives of Zambales?
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How do the natives of Zambales display their bravery and honor?
How do the natives of Zambales display their bravery and honor?
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What does the practice of removing heads represent to the Zambales natives?
What does the practice of removing heads represent to the Zambales natives?
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What is the main purpose of dressing the head in a crown pattern with a bararao according to the text?
What is the main purpose of dressing the head in a crown pattern with a bararao according to the text?
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Why is the person with the most trophies considered the bravest among the Zambales natives?
Why is the person with the most trophies considered the bravest among the Zambales natives?
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How do women in the text differ in dress from the Bisayans?
How do women in the text differ in dress from the Bisayans?
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What material are the small mantles carried over the dress made of?
What material are the small mantles carried over the dress made of?
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How do the Visayan Noble couple's waistbands differ from the Naturales Tagalos Noble couple's?
How do the Visayan Noble couple's waistbands differ from the Naturales Tagalos Noble couple's?
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Why do women carry much gold jewelry according to the text?
Why do women carry much gold jewelry according to the text?
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What type of chains do women wear around their necks in the text?
What type of chains do women wear around their necks in the text?
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How is the headdress (putong) worn by some people in the text described?
How is the headdress (putong) worn by some people in the text described?
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Who ended up buying the Manila Manuscript, which later became known as the Boxer Codex?
Who ended up buying the Manila Manuscript, which later became known as the Boxer Codex?
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What was one consequence of the Blitz bombing of Britain in 1940 for the Earl of Ilchester?
What was one consequence of the Blitz bombing of Britain in 1940 for the Earl of Ilchester?
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What historical event led to a massive sacking of academic and historical materials in Manila and Cavite?
What historical event led to a massive sacking of academic and historical materials in Manila and Cavite?
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Where was the Boxer Codex housed during the late 16th-century?
Where was the Boxer Codex housed during the late 16th-century?
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What did the manuscript, later known as the Boxer Codex, primarily depict?
What did the manuscript, later known as the Boxer Codex, primarily depict?
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Which individual played a crucial role in making the Manila Manuscript accessible to scholars and historians?
Which individual played a crucial role in making the Manila Manuscript accessible to scholars and historians?
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Study Notes
Tolstoy's Aesthetic Theory
- Tolstoy excludes many forms of art from what he considers to be "universal" art, as he believes that "universal" art must conform to standards that are not strictly aesthetic, but moral and social.
- He excludes many forms of art from what he considers to be "good" art, because he believes that "good" art must communicate some form of religious experience.
- Examples of "good" art, according to Tolstoy, include the music of Bach and Mozart, the comedies of Molière, the poetry of Goethe and Hugo, and the novels of Dickens and Dostoyevsky.
- Examples of "bad" art, according to Tolstoy, include the poetry of Baudelaire and Mallarmé, the plays of Ibsen, and the music of Wagner and Liszt.
The Boxer Codex
- The Boxer Codex is a 307-page manuscript that contains colored drawings, superstitions, norms, and descriptions of flora and fauna in the Philippines.
- The manuscript was created in the 16th century and is a valuable resource for understanding the culture and history of the Philippines during that time.
- The Boxer Codex was originally owned by the Earl of Ilchester, but was later sold to Professor Charles Ralph Boxer, who made it accessible to scholars and historians.
- The manuscript is now housed at the Lilly Library of Indiana University, where it can be viewed online.
Tattooing and Body Decoration in the Philippines
- In the 16th century, Filipinos, particularly the Bisayans, were known to paint their bodies with elegant tattoos using iron or brass rods heated on fire.
- The tattoos were done in the manner of illuminations, covering all parts of the body, including the chest, stomach, legs, arms, shoulders, hands, and muscles.
- Some individuals also had tattoos on their posteriors.
- The Bisayans and other Filipinos also wore gold jewelry, including bracelets, chains, and headdresses, which were considered valuable and prestigious.
Clothing and Accessories in the Philippines
- The dress of the women in the Philippines was not as neat nor as elegant as that of the Bisayans, who wore cotton or taffeta mantles around the body with very little polish.
- Women wore jackets and skirts in the same way as the Bisayans, but also wore their dress skin-tight, gathering it at the waist and breast because they used no chemise or stockings.
- They also wore small mantles over their dress, which reached to the waist, and were made of colored cotton, satin, taffeta, and damask obtained from China.
- Visayan Noble couples wore gold-embellished clothing, including shimmering sashes with ornate repousse buckles, while Naturales Tagalos wore many golden chains around the neck.
Hunting Practices in Zambales
- In Zambales, the natives had a custom of removing the head of their enemies and incising it in a crown pattern with a bararao, and sucking the brains out.
- They then saved the head or skull as treasured property and trophy, representing the number of men they had killed, and the more men they had killed and the more cruelties they had inflicted, the greater their honor.
- The person who had the most trophies became the most feared, and was thus considered the bravest and most courageous.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Boxer Codex, a 307-page manuscript with colored drawings and descriptions of flora and fauna, and its connection to a British Peer, World War II, a historian, and the Philippines. Explore the historical significance of the Boxer Codex and the British occupation of the Philippines during World War II.
