Boxer Codex and British Occupation of Philippines Quiz

Tolstoy's Aesthetic Theory

• Tolstoy excludes many forms of art from what he considers to be "universal" art, as he believes that "universal" art must conform to standards that are not strictly aesthetic, but moral and social.
• He excludes many forms of art from what he considers to be "good" art, because he believes that "good" art must communicate some form of religious experience.
• Examples of "good" art, according to Tolstoy, include the music of Bach and Mozart, the comedies of Molière, the poetry of Goethe and Hugo, and the novels of Dickens and Dostoyevsky.
• Examples of "bad" art, according to Tolstoy, include the poetry of Baudelaire and Mallarmé, the plays of Ibsen, and the music of Wagner and Liszt.

The Boxer Codex

• The Boxer Codex is a 307-page manuscript that contains colored drawings, superstitions, norms, and descriptions of flora and fauna in the Philippines.
• The manuscript was created in the 16th century and is a valuable resource for understanding the culture and history of the Philippines during that time.
• The Boxer Codex was originally owned by the Earl of Ilchester, but was later sold to Professor Charles Ralph Boxer, who made it accessible to scholars and historians.
• The manuscript is now housed at the Lilly Library of Indiana University, where it can be viewed online.

Tattooing and Body Decoration in the Philippines

• In the 16th century, Filipinos, particularly the Bisayans, were known to paint their bodies with elegant tattoos using iron or brass rods heated on fire.
• The tattoos were done in the manner of illuminations, covering all parts of the body, including the chest, stomach, legs, arms, shoulders, hands, and muscles.
• Some individuals also had tattoos on their posteriors.
• The Bisayans and other Filipinos also wore gold jewelry, including bracelets, chains, and headdresses, which were considered valuable and prestigious.

Clothing and Accessories in the Philippines

• The dress of the women in the Philippines was not as neat nor as elegant as that of the Bisayans, who wore cotton or taffeta mantles around the body with very little polish.
• Women wore jackets and skirts in the same way as the Bisayans, but also wore their dress skin-tight, gathering it at the waist and breast because they used no chemise or stockings.
• They also wore small mantles over their dress, which reached to the waist, and were made of colored cotton, satin, taffeta, and damask obtained from China.
• Visayan Noble couples wore gold-embellished clothing, including shimmering sashes with ornate repousse buckles, while Naturales Tagalos wore many golden chains around the neck.

Hunting Practices in Zambales

• In Zambales, the natives had a custom of removing the head of their enemies and incising it in a crown pattern with a bararao, and sucking the brains out.
• They then saved the head or skull as treasured property and trophy, representing the number of men they had killed, and the more men they had killed and the more cruelties they had inflicted, the greater their honor.
• The person who had the most trophies became the most feared, and was thus considered the bravest and most courageous.