GIT MCQ (2)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of gastric ulcers?

  • High gastric acidity (correct)
  • Vagal nerve damage
  • Low quality roughage
  • Low water intake

    • What primary condition is linked to gastric dilation and rupture in horses?

  • Low quality roughage
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Vagal nerve damage
  • Fermentable carbohydrates (correct)

    • What is a common sign of gastric ulcers in animals?

  • Weight gain
  • Hematemesis (correct)
  • Hyperactivity
  • Hypoglycemia

    • Which of the following is a parasitic disease affecting the ruminants' stomach?

    <p>Haemonchosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to the imbalance between acid secretion and mucosal protection in the stomach?

    <p>Overuse of NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of frothy bloat in ruminants?

    <p>Excessive soluble proteins in certain plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT a common foreign body that can lead to issues in the rumen?

    <p>Plastic pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secondary bloat as opposed to primary bloat?

    <p>Blockage in the eructation mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the venous return when an animal experiences severe bloat?

    <p>It decreases due to thoracic compression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lining does the forestomach have?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of saliva in rumen health?

    <p>Saliva reduces foam formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a potential sign of bloat in an animal?

    <p>Rapid weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to vagal indigestion causing secondary bloat?

    <p>Damage to the vagal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atresia in the context of congenital anomalies?

    <p>Absence of a normal opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of strangulation in intestinal hernias?

    <p>Necrosis of the affected organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intestinal problem involves a telescoping of one bowel segment into another?

    <p>Intussusception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes inflammation of the small intestine?

    <p>Enteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by painful, bloody diarrhea?

    <p>Dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of mesenteric torsion in the intestines?

    <p>Strangulation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diarrhea is caused by excessive secretion of intestinal fluids due to enterotoxins?

    <p>Hypersecretory diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does enterocolitis refer to?

    <p>Inflammation of all intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of vagal indigestion?

    <p>Extension from oral and esophageal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological change occurs in the rumen during grain overload?

    <p>Increased lactic acid and dissociated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is associated with bacterial rumenitis?

    <p>Fusobacterium necrophorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential fatal complication of liver abscesses in cattle?

    <p>Rupture into the vena cava causing septic embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by well-demarcated, circular hemorrhagic infarcts?

    <p>Mycotic rumenitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is described by functional obstruction of the cardia and pylorus due to gas?

    <p>Acute gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is left abomasal displacement most likely to occur?

    <p>In older, high-producing dairy cows post-calving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of right abomasal displacement in cows?

    <p>Occurs in 15% of cows and calves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Forestomachs

    • The forestomachs consist of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum.
    • Lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
    • Examination of plant contents within the rumen can indicate toxicities.

    Ruminal Tympany (Bloat)

    • Over-distension of the rumen & reticulum with fermentation gases.
    • Primary bloat (frothy bloat): gases trapped within the rumen content.
      • Caused by:
        • Plants with high soluble proteins (e.g., white clover, alfalfa, red clover)
        • High grain diets (less salivation, saliva has anti-foam properties)
    • Secondary bloat (free gas bloat): blockage in the eructation mechanism.
      • Causes:
        • Obstruction in the esophagus
        • Vagal indigestion: rumen motility inhibited due to vagal nerve damage
      • No foam, just excessive gas.

    Bloat Death

    • Pressure from the expanding rumen compresses the thorax, compressing the vena cava.
    • This leads to poor venous return and cardiac arrest.
    • Grossly the animal found dead on its back with abdominal distension and marked congestion of head & neck.
    • A "bloat line" on the esophagus at the thoracic inlet may be present, with cranial congestion.

    Foreign Bodies

    • Trichobezoars (hair balls)
    • Phytobezoars (plant balls)
    • Lead substance poisoning
    • Sharp metals

    Sharp Metal Fate

    • Deposited directly into the reticulum:
      • Localized reticulitis
      • Penetrated reticulum, diaphragm, and pericardial sac (Traumatic Reticulopericarditis)
      • Penetrated reticulum, damaging the vagus nerve (Vagal indigestion)

    Forestomach Inflammation

    • Causes:
      • Extension from oral & esophageal infections
      • Grain overload (ruminal lactic acidosis)
    • Pathogenesis:
      • Sudden change to high CHO diet, overgrowth of gram + bacteria.
      • Increased lactic & dissociated fatty acids lower pH below 5, leading to ruminal atony and damage to mucosa.
      • Fluid moves from the blood into the rumen.
    • Sequelae:
      • Sudden death from dehydration, acidosis, and endotoxemia
      • Bacterial rumenitis: Fusobacterium necrophorum
      • Healed ulcers (stellate scars)
      • Liver abscesses: may rupture into vena cava, causing fatal septic embolism
      • Mycotic rumenitis: well-demarcated, circular hemorrhagic infarcts, can become systemic (placentitis & abortion)

    Acute Gastric Dilation & Volvulus (GDV)

    • Large dog breeds.
    • Large meal (dry or highly fermentable).
    • Gas buildup causing functional obstruction of cardia & pylorus.
    • Dilation leads to rotation on its mesenteric axis (volvulus).
    • Compression of diaphragm, vena cava, affecting venous return and cardiac output.

    Abomasal Displacement

    • Left abomasal displacement:
      • Mostly in dairy cows, older, high producers
      • Postcalving period, common GI disorder requiring surgery (seldom fatal)
    • Right abomasal displacement:
      • 15% in cows and calves.

    Gastric/Abomasal Impaction

    • Low quality roughage
    • Low water intake
    • Poor mastication
    • Vagal nerve damage ("vagus indigestion")
    • Pyloric stenosis

    Gastric Dilation and Rupture

    • In horses:
      • Fermentable CHO
      • Secondary to intestinal obstruction, equine dysautonomia
      • Distinction: ante mortem from post mortem rupture

    Gastric Ulcers

    • Imbalance between acid secretion & mucosal protection (gastric mucosal barrier).
    • Epithelial necrosis, erosion, ulceration, bleeding, perforation, peritonitis.
    • Causes:
      • Local mucosal injury
      • High gastric acidity
      • Local ischemia (stress ulcers)
      • Steroids & NSAIDs (aspirin)
      • Helicobacter (bacterial infection)
    • Main signs:
      • Hematemesis
      • Melena
      • Anemia
      • Abdominal pain

    Gastritis

    • Cattle, sheep, & goats:
      • C. septicum (Braxy or bradsot)
      • C. perfringens type A (Abomasitis with ulceration)
      • Mycotic infections
    • Dogs & cats:
      • Uremia
      • Chronic gastritis & Hypertrophy
      • Helicobacter

    Parasitic Diseases

    • Ruminants:
      • Haemonchosis
      • Ostertagiosis
      • Trichostrongylosis
    • Equine:
      • Gastric bots
      • Trichostrongylosis
      • Draschia megastoma
      • Habronema

    Congenital Anomalies

    • Atresia:
      • Absence of a normal opening.
      • Atresia ani (absence of anus)

    Intestinal Displacements and Malposition: Hernias

    • Protrusion of an organ through a natural or artificial opening.
    • Internal:
      • Diaphragmatic hernia (through the diaphragm)
    • External (have a hernial sac):
      • Ventral
      • Umbilical
      • Scrotal

    Hernia Sequelae:

    • Strangulation (interference with blood flow)
    • Adynamic ileus
    • Perforation

    Torsion & Volvulus

    • Rotation of the organ around its long axis.
    • Mesenteric lipomas can wrap around the mesentery or bowel, causing strangulation.

    Intussusception

    • Telescoping of one segment of bowel into another adjacent section.

    Enteritis

    • Inflammation of the intestines:
      • Enteritis: inflammation of the small intestine.
      • Typhlitis: inflammation of the cecum.
      • Colitis: inflammation of the large intestine.
      • Enterocolitis: inflammation of all intestines.
      • Gastroenteritis: inflammation of the stomach and small intestines.
      • Proctitis: inflammation of the rectum.

    Diarrhea & Dysentery

    • Diarrhea: increase in stool mass, frequency, and/or fluidity.
    • Dysentery: painful, bloody diarrhea.

    Pathogenesis of Diarrhea

    • Malabsorption: defective digestion/absorption.
    • Osmotic diarrhea: exerted by luminal solutes.
    • Hypersecretion: excessive intestinal fluid secretion induced by enterotoxins.
    • Exudation: increased capillary or epithelial permeability.

    Types of Enteritis:

    • Catarrhal: viral diseases
    • Hemorrhagic: bacterial diseases
    • Fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic: mycotic diseases
    • Ulcerative: protozoal diseases
    • Proliferative/hyperplastic: parasitic diseases
    • Granulomatous: non-infectious disease entities

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    Digestive System Lecture II PDF

    Description

    Explore the anatomy of forestomachs and the critical conditions related to ruminal tympany in cattle. This quiz covers primary and secondary bloat, their causes, and the consequences of untreated bloat leading to death. Test your understanding of these vital concepts in bovine health.

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