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Questions and Answers
Which of the following molecules exhibits a resonance structure?
Which of the following molecules exhibits a resonance structure?
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
Which Lewis structure correctly represents a diatomic nitrogen molecule?
Which Lewis structure correctly represents a diatomic nitrogen molecule?
What is the molecular shape of water (H2O) based on its electron geometry?
What is the molecular shape of water (H2O) based on its electron geometry?
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Which of the following species correctly depicts an incorrect Lewis structure?
Which of the following species correctly depicts an incorrect Lewis structure?
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Which of the following compounds is formed by the ionic bonding of magnesium and chlorine?
Which of the following compounds is formed by the ionic bonding of magnesium and chlorine?
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In which compound do you expect to find a polar covalent bond?
In which compound do you expect to find a polar covalent bond?
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Which of the following paired elements is most likely to form an ionic bond?
Which of the following paired elements is most likely to form an ionic bond?
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How are the shared electrons represented in a Lewis structure?
How are the shared electrons represented in a Lewis structure?
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Which statement is true about the Lewis structure of magnesium chloride (MgCl2)?
Which statement is true about the Lewis structure of magnesium chloride (MgCl2)?
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Study Notes
Resonance and Bonding
- Lewis structures represent different arrangements of electrons for molecules, with resonance hybrids reflecting an average of these structures.
- Ozone (O₃) features two equivalent O-O bonds with a bond order of 1.5, showing an average between a single and double bond.
- Ozone has a bond length of 1.28 Å for both O-O bonds.
- Resonance is depicted using double-headed arrows to indicate contributing structures.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
- VSEPR theory helps predict molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion but does not define bond angles.
- Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom aim to maximize distance from each other to minimize repulsion.
- Lone pair-lone pair repulsions are greater than lone pair-bonding pair or bonding pair-bonding pair repulsions, following the order: Lp-Lp > Lp-Bp > Bp-Bp.
Molecular Geometry Examples
- Linear geometries include molecules like CO₂ and HCl.
- V-shaped or bent structures are found in H₂O.
- Trigonal planar shapes are seen in BF₃, whereas pyramidal configurations are present in NH₃.
- Tetrahedral arrangements occur in CH₄.
Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap
- VSEPR predicts molecular shape but does not explain bond formation.
- C-C bonds in acetylene (C₂H₂) are shorter than expected for single bonds due to the presence of π bonds.
- Carbon atoms in acetylene utilize sp hybrid orbitals for bonding, resulting in two unpaired electrons in p orbitals.
- P orbitals are oriented at right angles, allowing for the formation of two π bonds alongside one σ bond, which constitutes a triple bond.
Delocalized Bonding in Benzene
- Benzene (C₆H₆) exhibits resonance with equal-length C-C bonds, intermediate between single and double bonds.
- Molecular geometry is planar with bond angles near 120°, indicating sp² hybridization of carbon atoms.
- Delocalized π electrons are "smeared" across the ring rather than localized at specific atoms.
Resonance Structures of Ions
- The NO₃⁻ ion has three resonance structures, each with a nitrogen atom using sp² hybrid orbitals for σ bonding and one p orbital for a π bond.
- Two oxygen atoms are predicted to have sp³ hybridization, with one orbital forming a σ bond while the others contain non-bonding pairs.
Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding
- Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms, illustrated by Na⁺ and Cl⁻ forming NaCl and Mg²⁺ with Cl⁻ forming MgCl₂.
- Covalent bonding is characterized by the sharing of electrons, as seen in hydrogen (H₂) and additional diatomic molecules such as Cl₂ and O₂.
Exercises
- Write Lewis structures for provided ionic and covalent compounds to reinforce understanding of bonding and molecular structure.
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